Interferometric Baseline Performance Estimations for Multistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Configurations Derived from GRACE GPS Observations     

A. O. Kohlhase  R. Kroes  S. D’Amico 《Journal of Geodesy》2006,80(1):28-39

Recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of global positioning system (GPS) receivers for relative positioning of formation-flying satellites using dual-frequency carrier-phase observations. The accurate determination of distances or baselines between satellites flying in formation can provide significant benefits to a wide area of geodetic studies. For spaceborne radar interferometry in particular, such measurements will improve the accuracy of interferometric products such as digital elevation models (DEM) or surface deformation maps. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of relative position errors on the interferometric baseline performance of multistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites flying in such a formation. Based on accuracy results obtained from differential GPS (DGPS) observations between the twin gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) satellites, baseline uncertainties are derived for three interferometric scenarios of a dedicated SAR mission. For cross-track interferometry in a bistatic operational mode, a mean 2D baseline error (1σ) of 1.4 mm is derived, whereas baseline estimates necessary for a monostatic acquisition mode with a 50 km along-track separation reveal a 2D uncertainty of approximately 1.7 mm. Absolute orbit solutions based on reduced dynamic orbit determination techniques using GRACE GPS code and carrier-phase data allows a repeat-pass baseline estimation with an accuracy down to 4 cm (2D 1σ). To assess the accuracy with respect to quality requirements of high-resolution DEMs, topographic height errors are derived from the estimated baseline uncertainties. Taking the monostatic pursuit flight configuration as the worst case for baseline performance, the analysis reveals that the induced low-frequency modulation (height bias) fulfills the relative vertical accuracy requirement (σ<1 m linear point-to-point error) according to the digital terrain elevation data level 3 (DTED-3) specifications for most of the baseline constellations. The use of a GPS-based reduced dynamic orbit determination technique improves the baseline performance for repeat-pass interferometry. The problem of fulfilling the DTED-3 horizontal accuracy requirements is still an issue to be investigated. DGPS can be used as an operational navigation tool for high-precision baseline estimation if a geodetic-grade dual-frequency spaceborne GPS receiver is assumed to be the primary instrument onboard the SAR satellites. The possibility of using only single-frequency receivers, however, requires further research effort.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) research fellow until Sept. 2004 at the Microwaves and Radar Institute, Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) e.V., 82234 Weßling, Germany  相似文献   

Degradation of Geopotential Recovery from Short Repeat-Cycle Orbits: Application to GRACE Monthly Fields     

C. Wagner  D. McAdoo  J. Klokočník  J. Kostelecký 《Journal of Geodesy》2006,80(2):94-103

Throughout 2004 the GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) orbit contracted slowly to yield a sparse repeat track of 61 revolutions every 4 days on 19 September 2004. As a result, we show from linear perturbation theory that geopotential information previously available to fully resolve a gravity field every month of 120× 120 (degree by order) in spherical harmonics was compressed then into about one-fourth of the necessary observation space. We estimate from this theory that the ideal gravity field resolution in September 2004 was only about 30 × 30. More generally, we show that any repeat-cycle mission for geopotential recovery with full resolution L × L requires the number of orbit-revolutions-to-repeat to be greater than 2L.  相似文献   

Remote sensing of grassland–shrubland vegetation water content in the shortwave domain   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Andrew Davidson  Shusen Wang  John Wilmshurst 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2006,8(4):225-236

This study compares the ability of spectral approaches operating in the shortwave optical domain to predict absolute and relative vegetation water content (AWC and RWC, respectively) across northern prairie grassland–shrubland. We collected vegetation water content and spectral radiometer data over plots of comparable ground resolution (0.5 m) at seven field sites in the Canadian mixed grass prairie in June 2004. We then aggregated observations to scale these data “up” to an observational scale consistent with that of Landsat-TM satellite imagery (30 m). This allowed us to assess abilities of three spectral approaches to predict AWC and RWC at both observational scales. These approaches were: individual vegetation indices, a combination of spectral bands and a combination of spectral derivatives. Our results showed that (a) the band-combination approach provides the most accurate and precise estimates of AWC and RWC at both 0.5 and 30 m sampling resolutions; (b) the combination of bands providing the greatest predictive abilities are those that emphasize the contrast in reflectance between the NIR and SWIR spectral regions; (c) the band-combination approach predicts AWC with much greater accuracy and precision than RWC and (d) the predictive ability of the band-combination approach decreases only slightly when plot-level data are aggregated to a 30 m sampling resolution. These results are generally consistent with the results of other studies and with theory. While our results suggest that simple spectral methods (e.g. linear band-combinations or indices) are good predictors of AWC over grazed and ungrazed grassland–shrubland landscapes at plot- and Landsat spatial resolutions, they are less encouraging for the estimation of RWC. Despite their good predictive abilities, the temporal and geographical portabilities of the spectral approaches for estimating AWC must be further assessed before they can be considered reliable and robust predictive tools. Thus, the further testing of these techniques over larger geographical extents is required.  相似文献   

Comparison of relative permeability–fluid saturation–capillary pressure relations in the modelling of non-aqueous phase liquid infiltration in variably saturated,layered media     

F. Fritjof Fagerlund  Auli NiemiMagnus Odén 《Advances in water resources》2006

The characteristic functions relating relative permeabilities and capillary pressures to fluid saturations (k_r–S–P_c models) are of great importance for the modelling of sub-surface multi-phase flow and transport. In order to test their performance and to identify their important parameters, four well-known three-phase k_r–S–P_c models have been tested against published experimental data on non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) migration in the unsaturated zone. Both homogenous systems and systems with embedded heterogeneities have been analysed.  相似文献   

利用地球重力场模型计算CHAMP卫星参考轨道   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

李姗姗  刘雁雨 《测绘学院学报》2003,20(3):165-167

结合CHAMP卫星观测数据的动力法反演，研究了CHAMP卫星参考轨道的数值方法。分别通过利用40～50阶重力位系数模型计算轨道，并与业已公布的卫星轨道数据进行比较，结果表明，CHAMP(低轨)卫星轨道对重力场低频部分的敏感度较大，考虑低阶(40阶左右)重力场模型计算的卫星参考轨道精度较高。  相似文献   

太湖无锡地区太阳总辐射的气候学计算及特征分析   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12       下载免费PDF全文

张运林秦伯强  陈伟民胡维平 《应用气象学报》2003,14(3):339-347

为了便于研究水气界面辐射传输、水下光辐照度以及湖泊储热量，探讨太湖地区总辐射概况及其变化。文章在概述当前太阳总辐射气候学计算的主要方法及公式基础上，采用最小二乘法，利用上海、南京、杭州3站1961~2000年共40年的历史资料，确定各站的经验系数，然后内插求出太湖无锡地区的经验系数。由此推导出太湖无锡地区太阳总辐射的气候学计算公式，并利用无锡站日照百分率资料求算出近40年到达地面的太阳实际总辐射。然后利用太湖站1998年的太阳总辐射实测资料检验其公式精度，确定公式的可信度。最后对计算值进行分析，阐述了近40年来太湖无锡地区太阳总辐射的变化特征及其原因。研究结果表明:无锡地区太阳总辐射呈下降趋势，而这种下降主要是由于大气中悬浮物增加所致；总辐射年内变化趋势基本上与天文辐射相吻合，但又存在差异，这主要与梅雨的存在有关。  相似文献   

Hornblende etching and quartz/feldspar ratios as weathering and soil development indicators in some Michigan soils     

Leslie R. Mikesell  Michael A. Velbel 《Quaternary Research》2004,62(2):162-171

Weathering can be used as a highly effective relative age indicator. One such application involves etching of hornblende grains in soils. Etching increases with time (duration) and decreases with depth in soils and surficial sediments. Other variables, related to intensity of weathering and soil formation, are generally held as constant as possible so as to only minimally influence the time-etching relationship. Our study focuses on one of the variables usually held constant—climate—by examining hornblende etching and quartz/feldspar ratios in soils of similar age but varying degrees of development due to climatic factors. We examined the assumption that the degree of etching varies as a function of soil development, even in soils of similar age. The Spodosols we studied form a climate-mediated development sequence on a 13,000-yr-old outwash plain in Michigan. Their pedogenic development was compared to weathering-related data from the same soils. In general, soils data paralleled weathering data. Hornblende etching was most pronounced in the A and E horizons, and decreased rapidly with depth. Quartz/feldspar ratios showed similar but more variable trends. In the two most weakly developed soils, the Q/F ratio was nearly constant with depth, implying that this ratio may not be as effective a measure as are etching data for minimally weathered soils. Our data indicate that hornblende etching should not be used as a stand-alone relative age indicator, especially in young soils and in contexts where the degree of pedogenic variability on the geomorphic surface is large.  相似文献   

Two different methodologies for geoid determination from ground and airborne gravity data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Fadi A. Bayoud  Michael G. Sideris 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,155(3):914-922

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相对蒸散在冬小麦干旱宏观评估中的应用   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

王石立  娄秀荣  庄立伟 《气象学报》1998,56(1):104-111

利用最新的Ｐｅｎｍａｎ－Ｍｏｎｔｅｉｔｈ参考蒸散估算方法,计算了华北各地历年小麦各发育阶段的相对蒸散。根据水分亏缺引起的不同减产程度,确定冬小麦各发育阶段干旱指标,并据此分析了小麦干旱程度及发生概率。建立了冬小麦干旱影响综合评估模式。结果表明,干旱指标农业意义明确,分析评估符合实际。利用综合考虑冬季严寒和生育期内各阶段水分状况的模式进行农业干旱影响评估的尝试取得了较好的效果。  相似文献   

近50年来中国气候变化特征的再分析   总被引：259，自引：11，他引：259  

王遵娅  丁一汇  何金海  虞俊 《气象学报》2004,62(2):229-236

利用国家气象中心最近整编的中国 74 0个站逐日资料 ,通过对中国温度、降水、湿度、风速、气压这 5个基本气象要素变化特征较为全面的分析 ,揭示了近 5 0a来中国气候变化的一些新特征。得到的新结果有 :(1)近 5 0a来 ,全国平均气温在 2 0世纪 80年代以后上升更为明显 ;西南低温区在 90年代以后温度也处于上升状态 ;夏季的长江中上游出现明显的降温趋势。 (2 )全国平均年总降水量波动略有减少 ,但 90年代以后夏季降水增加明显 ,尤其是长江以南地区 ,而华北、东北地区降水显著减少 ,体现了夏季风的减弱。 (3)全国平均相对湿度的变化和降水相似。(4 )中国几乎全部地区的风速都在显著减小 ,冬、春季和西北西部最明显 ,该区 90年代的年平均风速比 5 0年代减少约 2 9%。风速大幅减小主要是由于亚洲冬、夏季风的减弱。 (5 )全国平均的海平面气压在增高 ,尤其是北方的冬季 ,这和中国风速的大幅减小有关。  相似文献