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61.
压裂井经济分析的优化方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
水力压裂是油气井增产的一项重要技术措施。压裂效果的经济评价,实际上是一个压裂设计的优化过程。研究经济问题即为研究压裂优化问题。提出了压裂井的施工费用计算方法和贴现率、净收入、净现值的计算公式,并对压裂井进行了经济分析,给出了压裂设计优化的步骤。建立了八屋—后五家户气田压裂经济评价模型,并应用到实际施工现场。使油气单井产量比过去增加2~3倍。 相似文献
62.
A. P. Nicholas 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(6):655-674
This paper reports the application of a two‐dimensional hydraulic model to a braided reach of the Avoca River, New Zealand. Field measurements of water surface elevation, depth and velocity obtained at low flow were used to validate the model and to optimize the parameterization of bed friction. The main systematic trends in the measured flow variables are reproduced by the model. However, field data are characterized by greater spatial variability than model output reflecting differences in the scale of processes measured in the field and represented by the model. Additional model runs were conducted to simulate flow patterns within the study reach at five higher discharges. The purpose of these simulations was to evaluate the potential for using two‐dimensional hydraulic models to quantify the reach‐scale hydraulic characteristics of braided rivers and their dependence on discharge. Changes in flow depth and velocity with increasing discharge exhibit trends that are consistent with the results of previous field investigations, although the tendency for the wetted area of the braidplain within particular depth and velocity categories to remain fixed as discharge rises, as has been noted for several braided rivers in New Zealand, was not observed. Modelled shear stress frequency distributions fit gamma functions that incorporate a distribution shape parameter, the value of which follows clear systematic trends with rising discharge. These results illustrate both the problems of, and potential for, using two‐dimensional hydraulic models in braided river applications. This leads to something of a paradox in that while such models provide a means of generating hydraulic information that would be difficult to obtain in the field at an equivalent spatial resolution, they are, due to the problems inherent to data collection, difficult to validate conclusively. Despite this limitation, the application of spatially distributed models to investigate relationships between discharge and reach‐scale form and process variables appears to have considerable potential. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
63.
Migration characteristics of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in the subsurface can be expressed as a water–DNAPL two-phase system based on mainly the k–S–p relations, which describe the relations among relative permeability (k), degree of water saturation (S), and capillary pressure head (p). The aims of this research are to develop an experimental system with new type of probes, such as the electrical conductivity probe for measuring the degree of water saturation and the hydrophilic and hydrophobic tensiometer for measuring the pore water and DNAPL pressures, and also to estimate the results obtained from the developed experimental system. From these tests, the excellent k–S–p relations were obtained and the efficiency and validity of this developed experimental system have been confirmed in terms of the concept of the scaling coefficient calculated by interfacial tensions. 相似文献
64.
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66.
Sarbari Ghosh Utpal Kumar De Atmospheric Science Research Department of Physics Jadavpur University Calcutta India Received April revised July 《大气科学进展》1997,(1)
AComparativeStudyoftheAtmosphericLayersbelowFirstLiftingCondensationLevelforInstantaneousPre-MonsoonThunderstormOcurenceatAga... 相似文献
67.
陈伯舫 《地震地磁观测与研究》1997,18(2):40-44
用通日月均值减去夜均值计算的月均值资料和Sompi谱分析法分析了14个台站的北向分量1年周期变化的振幅向相位,时段为1984-1988年。分析结果显示用P^0n(dnd=1,…,6)复合模式的估算的C值较合理。各台的C值比较一致。 相似文献
68.
本文以大量的实测资料为依据,总结了岩矿石电磁频散的规律性。结合电磁波勘探方法中的实际问题,讨论了频散对相位常数α和吸收系数β所产生的影响及误差。提出了在实际工作中对频散进行校正的必要性,并且给出了校正公式。 相似文献
69.
三峡工程大江截流的水文技术 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
鉴于三峡工程大江截流水深大,流量大,工期紧,特别是截流过程中要考虑不断航因素,因此,在大江截流和二期围堰阶段的施工进程中,应充分考虑到各方面的因素,尽可能采取一切减少大江截流和二期围堰施工难度的手段和措施,其中水文测验,水文气象预报,河道观测,水文分析与计算和水力学计算等水文工作则是为顺利实施高质量大江截流的重要条件。 相似文献
70.
Yoshiko Kawabata Hiroyuki Nakahara Yukio Katayama Norio Ishida 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1997,6(1):5-16
The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Kamyslybas are closed lakes in Central Asia. They range from oligosaline to metasaline.
The salinity of the Aral Sea has increased by more than 30 g L−1 since widespread irrigation began in its catchment area. Few studies of the phytoplankton have been conducted on these lakes
since extensive irrigation started. The investigation reported here compares the flora of phytoplankton in these saline lakes.
In the Small Aral Sea, phytoplankton density gradually decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (∼ salinity),
but there was no such relation in Lake Balkhash and Lake Kamyslybas. In the Aral Sea, Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were
frequently observed in most areas of high EC value, and Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous in the area of medium and lower
EC values. In Lake Balkhash, Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous, but Chlorophyceae were also noticeable. Most Cyanophyceae
in Aral Sea formed filaments with heterocysts. The distinct characteristic of the phytoplankton of the Lake Balkhash was that
all dominant species form colonies covered with a gelatinous film. Siliceousplankton diversity gradually decreased with increasing
EC values in the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash. 相似文献