中国北方地区1961～2000年干旱半干旱化趋势   总被引：29，自引：13，他引：16  

梁泽学  江静 《气象科学》2005,25(1):9-17

本文基于中国551站1961～2000年的逐日降水资料,对不同季节和全年降水量的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明,北方地区除东北外近40a来气候呈现干旱化趋势,尤其是河套地区标志线明显东移,半干旱区逐年东移;年的干旱化主要发生在河套地区,各季的干旱化分布不尽相同,有强有弱,有早有迟,但多是以河套地区为主,四季均表现为干旱化。  相似文献   

气候变化对半干旱雨养农业区春小麦生长的影响   总被引：20，自引：5，他引：15  

赵鸿  肖国举  王润元  邓振镛  王鹤龄  杨启国 《地球科学进展》2007,22(3):322-327

利用甘肃省定西农业气象观测站1986—2004年的观测资料,就气候变化对黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区春小麦生长的影响进行了初步探讨。结果表明,近19年来该地区气候变化呈现暖干化趋势,春小麦对气候变化的响应表现在生长季提前、生长期缩短、产量下降。相关分析也显示,降水量对春小麦生长的影响程度要高于温度。在春小麦整个生长发育过程中,其阶段生长和产量对气候变化的响应不完全一致：气候变化使该地区春小麦出苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的出现时间均提前,而乳熟期出现时间推迟,导致播种—出苗期的营养生长阶段缩短、出苗—拔节期的营养生长阶段延长、拔节—抽穗期的生殖生长阶段缩短,抽穗—乳熟期的生殖生长阶段延长,乳熟—成熟期的生殖生长阶段缩短,最终造成全生长期缩短。出苗—拔节期、抽穗—乳熟期降水量减少对春小麦产量下降有显著的正效应（P<0.05）,拔节—抽穗期的增温对产量有极显著的负影响（P<0.01）。预计随着未来全球气候进一步的变暖和半干旱区降水量的减少,将会更加严重影响春小麦的生长发育。  相似文献   

WRF模式对中国城市和半干旱地区 气象要素的模拟检验和对比分析   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  

董俊玲  韩志伟  张仁健  符淙斌 《气象科学》2011,31(4):484-492

用中尺度数值天气模式 Weather Research and Forecasting Model（WRF v32）对2006年中国地区1、4、7、10月4个月（分别对应冬、春、夏、秋）近地层气象要素进行模拟。并利用通榆、榆中和上海站的观测资料对模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明：WRF模式能较好的模拟出各气象要素的变化特征。但是,各个季节的模拟效果并不相同。在半干旱的通榆和榆中两站,有关要素秋季的模拟最好,夏季较差。在上海站,夏秋两季比较差,冬春两季较好。对温度的模拟,上海站4个季节都偏低,通榆站夏季偏低,冬季偏高。 对风速的模拟,通榆和榆中两站（通榆秋季除外）都偏低,上海站（夏季除外）都偏高。对感热通量和潜热通量的模拟,通榆站夏季感热通量偏大,潜热通量偏小,榆中站夏季感热通量和潜热通量的模拟值都偏大。  相似文献   

Soil water property variations in three adjacent land use types in the Rift Valley area of Ethiopia     

A. AbdelkadirF. Yimer 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(11):1067-1071

This study investigated the effects of land use change on infiltration and moisture content of soils in three land use types. A total of 81 soil and core samples (3 replications × 3 treatments × 3 profiles × 3 soil depths) were used to determine parameters that may affect the infiltration properties of soils. The infiltration rate was measured in the field using double-ring infiltrometer with three replicates in each land use type. Results showed that infiltration rates were generally slow in the open grazed and cultivated lands suggesting high potential for runoff, limited percolation, and very low amount of water available in the soil profiles. The accumulated infiltration in soils under cultivation and open-grazing was smaller than the controlled grazing by approximately 57%. Similarly, cultivation and open-grazing had reduced the soil moisture content by 29 and 33%, respectively, compared to the controlled grazing. Surface soil compaction, higher dry bulk density and lower soil organic carbon, appeared to be the principal factors for the low infiltration capacity and moisture content of the soils. Therefore, dry land management, with long term tree cover and well regulated grazing system, is very crucial for the sustainable ecosystem functioning of this environmentally fragile area.  相似文献   

Contribution of resuspension to particulate matter inmission levels in SE Spain     

J.A.G. Orza  M. Cabello  V. LidónJ. Martínez 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(6):545-554

Ambient air particulate matter concentrations were measured at three locations in semi-arid SE Spain during 2005-2007. Sites representative of urban and rural background levels, as well as one representative of a rural area influenced by local mineral industry, were selected.The contribution of coarse particle resuspension (mainly crustal) in the area was assessed by studying the influence of wind speed, human activity and African dust outbreaks on the daily mass concentration and the aerosol number size distribution. Wind and soil characteristics in the area, typical of many semi-arid environments, are not conducive to major dust entrainment events.Twenty-four hour PM₁₀ mass concentrations, subjected to air quality regulation, present a net decrease as wind speeds increase at the three study sites. Size-resolved measurements in the diameter range 0.25-32 μm with higher temporal resolution, however, show a net increase in the coarse particle concentrations with increasing wind speed, while the smallest particles are diluted. Although suspension is found to occur at all wind speeds, threshold values for an increase in particulate concentration can be identified and show some dependence on the particle size.African dust outbreaks, human activity and wind speed are (in this order) the main contributors for increasing particle sizes.  相似文献   

Implications of local-scale productivity on compensatory growth in a semi-arid shrubland     

M. Gruntman  A. Novoplansky 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(3):279-283

Grazing is a dominant determinant of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and composition of plant communities. However, ANPP can be maintained following grazing due to compensatory growth, the level of which might depend on additional environmental factors, such as precipitation and edaphic conditions. Several studies have shown that along large-scale regional gradients, community-level compensatory ability is positively correlated with ANPP and soil resource availability. However, community-level responses to grazing are also expected to be affected by local-scale heterogeneity in ANPP, particularly under low primary productivity typical to arid environments. Here, we studied the effect of local-scale variations in ANPP on the compensatory growth of an annual community in a semi-arid region. For two consecutive years, ANPP was evaluated following shoot damage in sites with different primary productivity. The results demonstrated that annual ANPP varied significantly among sites and among plots within sites; however, compensatory ability was negatively correlated with annual ANPP, with overcompensation in the least productive patches and under-compensation in the most productive patches. This pattern contradicts the positive correlation between ANPP and compensatory ability commonly found along large-scale productivity ecoclines, suggesting that the effects of ANPP on compensatory ability might be scale-dependent.  相似文献   

Identification of sources and groundwater recharge zones from hydrochemistry and stable isotopes of an agriculture-based paleo-lacustrine basin of drought-prone northeast Mexico     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2021,81(2):125742

Over exploitation for agricultural activities and consumption has depleted the groundwater resources of drought-prone northeast Mexico. Major ion concentrations along with δ¹⁸O_H2O, δ²H_H2O and d-excess values of shallow groundwater from the Cieneguilla Basin (near Tula) located at a distance of ∼200 km from coast of the Gulf of Mexico helped to contribute new data about drought vulnerability in this region through identification of the moisture source and groundwater recharge zone. Different degrees of rock-water interaction through gypsum, anhydrite and halite dissolutions and minor silicate weathering controlled the hydrochemistry. Stable isotopes yielded a least square regression and slope similar to the local as well as global meteoric water lines, indicating minimal effect of evaporation during the recharge as well as in the subsoil. Isotopic fractionations along with a digital elevation model demarcated the recharge zones at north and east of the basin, with altitudinal difference of ≥1000 m, and indicated that the recharge occurred through warm season moisture sourced from the Gulf of Mexico. Less frequent landfalling of tropical storms caused by warmer sea surface temperature, however, has reduced this rainfall over the last few decades. If the trend of global warming continues unabated, the depleted groundwater resources would trigger reduction in agricultural activities in this drought-prone region and lead to enhanced socio-economic challenges.  相似文献   

2008年夏季中国干旱-半干旱区陆面主要物理参数的平均特征     

曾剑  张强 《高原气象》2012,31(6):1539-1550

采用2008年7-9月观测的中国干旱-半干旱区试验观测协同与集成研究资料,选取12个测站(涵盖不同气候环境区的草地、农田、果林和森林等下垫面)比较分析了干旱-半干旱区的动力、热力和水汽粗糙度长度、总体输送系数、反照率以及土壤热传导率和热扩散率的夏季平均特征,并与陆面模式的理论参考值进行了对比。结果表明,植被下垫面的水、热特性和植被高度对主要陆面参数有重要影响,但植被下垫面的土壤热传导率和扩散率与下垫面类型之间无明显关系。动力学粗糙度长度与下垫面的植被高度呈正相关关系,无论是稳定还是不稳定层结下,动量拖曳系数都随着植被高度的增大而增大,而反照率随植被高度的增加而降低。在研究区的下垫面中,草地下垫面动力学粗糙度长度的实测值比模式理论参考值偏小,但农田和果林下垫面的实测值比理论参考值偏大;草地下垫面动量拖曳系数理论的参考值比实测值高,但其他下垫面的实测值高于理论参考值;实测反照率处于可见光反照率和近红外光反照率之间,但反照率的理论参考值比实测值偏高。  相似文献   

西北半干旱区感、潜热通量特征及近50年来的变化趋势   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

王澄海  王蕾迪 《高原气象》2010,29(4):849-854

在对比分析2007年兰州大学SACOL测站观测值和NCEP模式产品的感、潜热等变化特征的基础上,用观测资料和NCEP感、潜热通量资料的误差对1961—2008年的NCEP感、潜热通量资料进行了订正。分析了近50年西北半干旱区感、潜热的年际变化趋势。结果表明:平均而言,在半干旱区,4月感热最大,7月潜热最大;在过去的近50年间,年平均潜热通量大于感热通量。近50年来,潜热通量有减小的趋势,感热通量有增加的趋势。  相似文献   

INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES OF TUNNEL SYSTEMS IN THE HILLY LOESS REGION OF NORTHERN CHINA     

T. X. ZHU 《国际泥沙研究》2006,21(3):171-179

1 INTRODUCTION Tunnel erosion or piping is very common in semi-arid areas. It is often associated with gully system development (e.g., Parker, 1965; Heede, 1971; Harvey, 1982; Crouch, 1983; Gutierrez et al., 1997). It may also become a severe soil conserv…  相似文献