Geochemical Characterizations of Source and Depositional Environment of Hydrocarbons in the Lake Albert Rift Basin     

YU Yixin  PENG Wenxu  SHI Shengbao  SUN Hefeng  LU Man  SHANG Peng  Delores ROBINSON  LU Yuehan 《《地质学报》英文版》2022,96(1):261-272

Despite the upsurge in hydrocarbon exploration in the Lake Albert Rift Basin(LARB)over the past three decades,systematic characterization of hydrocarbon compositions remains lacking,leading to uncertainties in source rock and oil generation determination.We characterized crude oil compositions and oil sand samples in the northern and southern subbasins of LARB.The relative abundance of normal and branched linear alkanes,hopanes,steranes,and aromatic hydrocarbon suggest that northern and southern hydrocarbons were deposited in anoxic to suboxic lacustrine environments and share similar biological source compositions(i.e.,a mixture of plants and aquatic algae and bacteria).Relative to southern samples,northern samples show more negative δ¹³C values for oils,saturates and aromatics,indicating longer migration paths,and exhibit higher MPI-1,DNR-1 and 4-/1-MDBT ratios,indicating higher maturity.Between the two possible sets of source rocks(upper Miocene and Jurassic strata),the positive δ¹³C values of saturated hydrocarbons(average=-20.5‰)suggest that the upper Miocene lacustrine shale is the most likely candidate.Oleanane index(<5% in our samples)does not exclude either source rock possibility,and C₂₈/C₂₉ regular sterane(average=0.63)may be biased by high terrestrial inputs in a lacustrine setting.Together,our data show that northern and southern oils originate from the same source rocks but different oil kitchens.Given the similar geochemical characteristics of southern and northern oils,previous exploration successes in the northern subbasin likely suggest similar potential in the southern sector,while other elements influencing exploration success must be also evaluated.  相似文献   

山西两类暴雪预报的比较   总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3  

赵桂香  许东蓓 《高原气象》2008,27(5)

对山西两类典型暴雪从环流形势、形成机制、数值诊断等方面进行了对比分析,得出回流形势和河套倒槽共同影响下的暴雪,其系统深厚稳定,可提前24~48 h做出预报,而仅地面回流形势影响下形成的暴雪,其系统浅薄且较弱,预报难度较大。数值诊断结果表明,对两类暴雪,垂直螺旋度分布均存在中高层为正,低层为负的特征,但出现时间、强度和分布形式上均存在明显差异,螺旋度强度的变化对第一类暴雪的出现有明显先兆意义,而对第二类暴雪则不明显。第一类暴雪涡散场的分布存在"高空辐散、低层辐合"的垂直配置,第二类暴雪不明显,但两类暴雪都出现在500 hPa涡度梯度最大的地方,暴雪出现12 h后,正涡度中心强度迅速增强,对应暴雪出现一个增幅期。  相似文献   

Continental rift evolution: From rift initiation to incipient break-up in the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Giacomo Corti   《Earth》2009,96(1-2):1-53

The Main Ethiopian Rift is a key sector of the East African Rift System that connects the Afar depression, at Red Sea–Gulf of Aden junction, with the Turkana depression and Kenya Rift to the South. It is a magmatic rift that records all the different stages of rift evolution from rift initiation to break-up and incipient oceanic spreading: it is thus an ideal place to analyse the evolution of continental extension, the rupture of lithospheric plates and the dynamics by which distributed continental deformation is progressively focused at oceanic spreading centres.The first tectono-magmatic event related to the Tertiary rifting was the eruption of voluminous flood basalts that apparently occurred in a rather short time interval at around 30 Ma; strong plateau uplift, which resulted in the development of the Ethiopian and Somalian plateaus now surrounding the rift valley, has been suggested to have initiated contemporaneously or shortly after the extensive flood-basalt volcanism, although its exact timing remains controversial. Voluminous volcanism and uplift started prior to the main rifting phases, suggesting a mantle plume influence on the Tertiary deformation in East Africa. Different plume hypothesis have been suggested, with recent models indicating the existence of deep superplume originating at the core-mantle boundary beneath southern Africa, rising in a north–northeastward direction toward eastern Africa, and feeding multiple plume stems in the upper mantle. However, the existence of this whole-mantle feature and its possible connection with Tertiary rifting are highly debated.The main rifting phases started diachronously along the MER in the Mio-Pliocene; rift propagation was not a smooth process but rather a process with punctuated episodes of extension and relative quiescence. Rift location was most probably controlled by the reactivation of a lithospheric-scale pre-Cambrian weakness; the orientation of this weakness (roughly NE–SW) and the Late Pliocene (post 3.2 Ma)-recent extensional stress field generated by relative motion between Nubia and Somalia plates (roughly ESE–WNW) suggest that oblique rifting conditions have controlled rift evolution. However, it is still unclear if these kinematical boundary conditions have remained steady since the initial stages of rifting or the kinematics has changed during the Late Pliocene or at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary.Analysis of geological–geophysical data suggests that continental rifting in the MER evolved in two different phases. An early (Mio-Pliocene) continental rifting stage was characterised by displacement along large boundary faults, subsidence of rift depression with local development of deep (up to 5 km) asymmetric basins and diffuse magmatic activity. In this initial phase, magmatism encompassed the whole rift, with volcanic activity affecting the rift depression, the major boundary faults and limited portions of the rift shoulders (off-axis volcanism). Progressive extension led to the second (Pleistocene) rifting stage, characterised by a riftward narrowing of the volcano-tectonic activity. In this phase, the main boundary faults were deactivated and extensional deformation was accommodated by dense swarms of faults (Wonji segments) in the thinned rift depression. The progressive thinning of the continental lithosphere under constant, prolonged oblique rifting conditions controlled this migration of deformation, possibly in tandem with the weakening related to magmatic processes and/or a change in rift kinematics. Owing to the oblique rifting conditions, the fault swarms obliquely cut the rift floor and were characterised by a typical right-stepping arrangement. Ascending magmas were focused by the Wonji segments, with eruption of magmas at surface preferentially occurring along the oblique faults. As soon as the volcano-tectonic activity was localised within Wonji segments, a strong feedback between deformation and magmatism developed: the thinned lithosphere was strongly modified by the extensive magma intrusion and extension was facilitated and accommodated by a combination of magmatic intrusion, dyking and faulting. In these conditions, focused melt intrusion allows the rupture of the thick continental lithosphere and the magmatic segments act as incipient slow-spreading mid-ocean spreading centres sandwiched by continental lithosphere.Overall the above-described evolution of the MER (at least in its northernmost sector) documents a transition from fault-dominated rift morphology in the early stages of extension toward magma-assisted rifting during the final stages of continental break-up. A strong increase in coupling between deformation and magmatism with extension is documented, with magma intrusion and dyking playing a larger role than faulting in strain accommodation as rifting progresses to seafloor spreading.  相似文献   

Rheology of the lithosphere in the East African Rift System   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

K. Fadaie  G. Ranalli 《Geophysical Journal International》1990,102(2):445-453

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Detecting rift basins in the Evans Ice Stream region of West Antarctica using airborne gravity data     

Philip C. Jones  Ashley C. Johnson  Ralph R. B. von Frese  Hugh Corr 《Tectonophysics》2002,347(1-3)

A total of 11,500 line km of aerogravity data have been used to construct an free-air gravity anomaly map for the Antarctic region that may contain the microplate boundary between the Haag Nunataks block and southern Antarctic Peninsula. Along-line free-air gravity anomaly data resolved wavelengths of 9 km or greater with better than 5 mGal accuracy. Coincident radio echo soundings provided data to construct a digital terrain model. The gravity effect of the terrain was calculated by Gauss–Legendre quadrature (GLQ) and spectrally correlated with the free-air gravity data. Terrain-correlated free-air anomalies related to possible isostatic imbalances of the crust were separated from terrain-decorrelated anomalies that may reflect intra-crustal density contrasts. Subtracting terrain-correlated free-air anomalies from the gravity effects of the terrain yielded compensated terrain gravity effects (CTGE) that were used to model the Moho by inversion. The results indicate moderate but significant crustal thinning below the Evans Ice Stream that is consistent with an extensional origin for the deep, wide, steep-sided trough that contains the ice stream as well as the continued elevation of the footwall flank of the basin. Changes along the axis of the rift, both in the gravity anomaly field and the distribution of Moho topography, can be explained by processes associated with continental lithospheric extension. Subsequently, many of the features produced by extension have been modified by glacial erosion and the sub-ice topography and gravity data reflect this.  相似文献   

Magnetotelluric images of the crustal structure of Chyulu Hills volcanic field, Kenya     

V. Sakkas  M. A. Meju  M. A. Khan  V. Haak  F. Simpson 《Tectonophysics》2002,346(3-4)

Electromagnetic experiments were conducted in 1995 as part of a multidisciplinary research project to investigate the deep structure of the Chyulu Hills volcanic chain on the eastern flank of the Kenya Rift in East Africa. Transient electromagnetic (TEM) and broadband (120–0.0001 Hz) magnetotelluric (MT) soundings were made at eight stations along a seismic survey line and the data were processed using standard techniques. The TEM data provided effective correction for static shifts in MT data. The MT data were inverted for the structure in the upper 20 km of the crust using a 2-D inversion scheme and a variety of starting models. The resulting 2-D models show interesting features but the wide spacing between the MT stations limited model resolution to a large extent. These models suggest that there are significant differences in the physical state of the crust between the northern and southern parts of the Chyulu Hills volcanic field. North of the Chyulu Hills, the resistivity structure consists of a 10–12-km-thick resistive (up to 4000 Ω m) upper crustal layer, ca. 10-km-thick mid-crustal layer of moderate resistivity (50 Ω m), and a conductive substratum. The resistive upper crustal unit is considerably thinner over the main ridge (where it is ca. 2 km thick) and further south (where it may be up to 5 km thick). Below this cover unit, steep zones of low resistivity (0.01–10 Ω m) occur underneath the main ridge and at its NW and SE margins (near survey positions 100 and 150–210 km on seismic line F of Novak et al. [Novak, O., Prodehl, C., Jacob, A.W.B., Okoth, W., 1997. Crustal structure of the southern flank of the Kenya Rift deduced from wide-angle P-wave data. In: Fuchs, K., Altherr, R., Muller, B., Prodehl, C. (Eds.), Structure and Dynamic Processes in the Lithosphere of the Afro-Arabian Rift System. Tectonophysics, vol. 278, 171–186]). These conductors appear to be best developed in upper crustal (1–8 km) and middle crustal (9–18 km) zones in the areas affected by volcanism. The low-resistivity anomalies are interpreted as possible magmatic features and may be related to the low-velocity zones recently detected at greater depth in the same geographic locations. The MT results, thus, provide a necessary upper crustal constraint on the anomalous zone in Chyulu Hills, and we suggest that MT is a logical compliment to seismics for the exploration of the deep crust in this volcanic-covered basement terrain. A detailed 3-D field study is recommended to gain a better understanding of the deep structure of the volcanic field.  相似文献   

山西柳林、襄汾奥陶纪地层沉积特征及其沉积环境分析     

蒙庆 《化工矿产地质》1997,19(4):247-252

通过对山西柳林、襄汾两条地表剖面的观察及对华北奥陶纪地层剖面岩性组合特征、沉积相标志的分析研究，认为奥陶系沉积可划分为４个旋回。但其成盐成钾条件相对较差。  相似文献   

山西洪洞王绪黄土地层划分          下载免费PDF全文

王克鲁  严富华 《地质科学》1997,32(4):495-505

通过对临汾盆地王绪及其邻近地区黄土地层中所含抱子花粉、右脊椎动物化石、颗粒成分、磁化率、古土壤、结构构造以及接触关系等综合研究,将王绪剖面上的黄土划分为下更新统、中更新统及上更新统三层,并同洛川、午城两地区的午城黄土、离石黄土及马兰黄土地层对比。  相似文献   

Volcanic vents rooted on extension fractures and their geodynamic implications in the Ethiopian Rift     

Tesfaye Korme  Jean Chorowicz  Bernard Collet  Franco F. Bonavia 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1997,79(3-4)

Most of the extension fractures located in the Ethiopian rift are related to rift dynamics, and they have consistently similar orientations for hundreds of kilometers. The orientation of extension fracture gives the local extension direction which is perpendicular to its horns (end segments of an extension fracture). We have established clear geometrical relationships between tectonics and volcanism in the Main Ethiopian Rift by interpreting high-resolution images obtained from Landsat-TM and SPOT satellites and by quantitatively analyzing the geometry of extension fractures, elongated vents and linear volcanic clusters. Applying the relationships obtained, we show that extension fractures in the rift served as channels for magma rising to the surface, and that extension fractures underlie most of the elongated volcanic vents and linear volcanic clusters. The geometry of extension fractures beneath volcanic edifices can be deduced from the shape of elongated vents and pattern of linear volcanic clusters rooted on them. Utilizing the orientations of extension fractures directly observed and those inferred from elongated volcanic vents and linear clusters, we found that the extension direction of the Main Ethiopian Rift is northwest–southeast and that the direction has been rotated clockwise for about 20° in the time interval 2.83 to 0.023 Ma. The Recent axis of rift opening is oriented N40° and located closer to the southeastern escarpment giving an asymmetric geometry to the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER).  相似文献   

1949年前中国的两个地震研究系统   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴瑾冰 《山西地震》1997,(3):24-28

叙述了１９４９年前中国从事地震研究工作的２个系统。主要介绍了在蒋丙燃和竺可桢２位先生先后领导下由王应伟和金咏深等所做的工作。着重介绍了《近世地震学》和这一论著的主要观点。第２个是地质系统，介绍了翁文灏先生以及他在《锥指集》中对地震发生和预测方面的各种论点。  相似文献