临沧超大型锗矿床的沉积环境、成岩过程和热液作用与锗的富集   总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18  

卢家烂  庄汉平  傅家谟 《地球化学》2000,29(1):36-42

临沧超大型锗矿庆的形成与其沉积、成岩和热液作用有密切联系。详细研究了矿床煤岩产出特征、煤岩组成、无机矿物、微量元素、腐殖体反射率,认为该矿床中的锗主要源于盆地西缘的白云母花岗岩的风化作用。在沉积作用阶段,锗被湖水中的低等生物和腐殖酸富集,为形成矿化煤打下基础。临沧褐煤经历了泥炭化阶段、早期成岩阶段和热液改造阶段。泥炭化阶段,沉积物中锗被凝胶体吸附和配合。早期成岩阶段,与腐残酸结合的锗,在碱性还原条  相似文献   

Neogene fjordal sedimentation on the western margin of the Lambert Graben, East Antarctica   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Michael J. Hambrey  & Barrie McKelvey 《Sedimentology》2000,47(3):577-607

The Lambert Graben is occupied by the world’s largest fjord system, through which flows the Lambert Glacier, the Amery Ice Shelf and their tributaries. Along the western margin of the graben, in the northern Prince Charles Mountains, remnants of uplifted Miocene and Pliocene strata of the glacigenic fjordal Pagodroma Group total more than 800 m in thickness. These sediments provide evidence for a dynamic East Antarctic ice sheet during the Neogene Period. Each of the four Pagodroma Group formations defined from this region rests unconformably on either Proterozoic or Permo‐Triassic rocks. The unconformity surfaces represent parts of the walls and floors of Neogene fjords. For these surfaces to have been eroded, the ice must have been grounded out as far as the continental shelf in Prydz Bay. The Pagodroma Group was deposited by wet‐based glaciers discharging into a fjordal setting and includes lithofacies that are quite different from those produced by modern Antarctic ice masses. The principal lithofacies are massive diamicts and soulder gravels, deposited both close to a calving, grounded glacier terminus and from icebergs. The few stratified diamicts are the product of more distal iceberg sedimentation. An ice‐transported gravel lithofacies includes rockfall debris derived from palaeofjord walls and mixed with subglacially derived diamicts. Some lithofacies contain evidence of subaquatic slumping and gravity flowage. Volumetrically minor lithofacies include laminites, with some exposures exhibiting large ice‐rafted clasts. The laminites represent less proximal, mainly ice‐free fjordal sediments, resulting either from tidal‐current sorting of suspended sediment originating from subaquatic glaciofluvial discharge, or from turbidity currents derived from unstable subaquatically deposited glacigenic sediment. The Pagodroma Group provides a record of multiple glaciation by dynamic, sliding glaciers carrying large amounts of both basal and supraglacial debris. The closest modern analogues, in terms of the thermal and dynamic characteristics of the Neogene Lambert Glacier, appear to be the fast‐flowing tidewater glaciers of East Greenland. These glaciers originate from the interior ice sheet and discharge large volumes of icebergs; the resulting lithofacies are predominantly diamicts.  相似文献   

A Late Holocene Paleoecological Record from Torrey Pines State Reserve, California     

Kenneth L. Cole  Eugene Wahl 《Quaternary Research》2000,53(3):341

Paleoenvironments of the Torrey Pines State Reserve were reconstructed from a 3600-yr core from Los Peñasquitos Lagoon using fossil pollen, spores, charcoal, chemical stratigraphy, particle size, and magnetic susceptibility. Late Holocene sediments were radiocarbon dated, while the historical sediments were dated using sediment chemistry, fossil pollen, and historical records. At 3600 yr B.P., the estuary was a brackish-water lagoon. By 2800 yr B.P., Poaceae (grass) pollen increased to high levels, suggesting that the rising level of the core site led to its colonization by Spartina foliosa (cord-grass), the lowest-elevation plant type within regional estuaries. An increase in pollen and spores of moisture-dependent species suggests a climate with more available moisture after 2600 yr B.P. This change is similar to that found 280 km to the north at 3250 yr B.P., implying that regional climate changes were time-transgressive from north to south. Increased postsettlement sediment input resulted from nineteenth-century land disturbances caused by grazing and fire. Sedimentation rates increased further in the twentieth century due to closure of the estuarine mouth. The endemic Pinus torreyana (Torrey pine) was present at the site throughout this 3600-yr interval but was less numerous prior to 2100 yr B.P. This history may have contributed to the low genetic diversity of this species.  相似文献   

冀中坳陷孙虎地区沉积和剥蚀作用及其对油气生成聚集的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

伍涛  武法东  林小云 《古地理学报》2000,2(1):85-92

探讨了沉积和剥蚀作用对孙虎地区油气生成、聚集的影响,认为两者对于本区油气的生成、聚集和保存都不太有利。首先,在沉积演化中缺少深湖相沉积,只在孔店组和沙河街组发育干盐湖相和滨浅湖相沉积,使得本区的油源有机质丰度不高,类型较差。其次,在洼陷边缘发育的冲积体系由于距油源远,缺少连通通道而难以成为良好的储集岩。另外,本区地层在老、新第三纪之间遭受的强烈抬升剥蚀（最大剥蚀厚度达3000 m）,对本区的油气生成和聚集更是产生了严重的负面影响：一方面导致源岩层的温度、压力下降,油气生成、排出作用大大减弱;另一方面,使得已排出并聚集成藏的油气遭到破坏。强烈的构造活动导致了埋藏史的差异,本区可划分出3种类型的埋藏史,即持续沉降型、早期沉降型和二次沉降型。持续沉降型埋藏区地层埋藏较浅,只有沙三段局部地层进入生、排烃门限,生烃潜力不大;早期沉降型埋藏区地层埋藏较深,孔店组和沙三段均具有生排烃能力,但早期排出的烃存在一个保存问题;二次沉降型埋藏区经历了两次大幅度的沉降,均达到了生排烃门限,具有二次生排烃过程,是目前圈闭条件下寻找油气的较理想地区。  相似文献   

燕山中元古代裂谷早期同沉积断裂活动及其对事件沉积的影响   总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18       下载免费PDF全文

和政军  宋天锐  丁孝忠  张巧大  孟祥化  葛明 《古地理学报》2000,2(3):83-91

在早期长城纪演化阶段,燕山中晚元古代裂谷盆地构造拉张活动明显,它控制了整体沉积相带的展布,并在强烈活动期引发了一系列事件沉积。长城纪时期的古构造活动主要以四种方式影响盆地的充填,其中同沉积断裂活动在长城纪盆地演化过程中具有突发性或脉动活动的特点,记录了古地震、碳酸盐滑塌沉积、碎屑浊流沉积,并诱发火山活动形成火山碎屑重力流等地质事件。盆地的古水流、地层格架及特征沉积相带等分析显示,盆地主体展布为NE向;燕山元古代裂谷向外海出口的位置应处于中朝准地台的北部;现今所赤城-北票EW向断裂在长城纪大部分时期对盆地的沉积充填没有明显影响。  相似文献   

内蒙古二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组热水沉积过程中矿物沉淀顺序及其控制因素^*          下载免费PDF全文

钟大康  苏琛  杨喆  贾晓兰 《古地理学报》2019,21(5):695-708

基于岩心、岩石薄片及元素分析等资料,通过偏光显微镜、定量矿物扫描(QemScan)、电子探针、能谱和流体包裹体分析等技术手段,探讨了二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组热水沉积岩中热水沉积矿物的沉淀顺序。研究区热水沉积矿物主要为铝硅酸盐和碳酸盐,含少量黄铁矿、重晶石、萤石等矿物。这些矿物在空间上具有特定的先后关系或位置关系: (1)在纹层状岩层中,由下到上从铝硅酸盐过渡为碳酸盐。在铝硅酸盐矿物组合中,首先出现的是方沸石,其次是钠沸石,再次为钠长石;在碳酸盐矿物中,首先出现的是菱镁矿,其次是菱铁矿,再次为铁白云石,有时还可见到方解石,但其含量很低。(2)在凝絮状团块中,团块中心为黄铁矿,从中心向外依次过渡为方沸石、钠沸石、菱镁矿、菱铁矿,最外层为铁白云石。在纹层状岩层和凝絮状团块中,有时还能见到上述顺序的逆顺序。(3)在后期充填的裂缝中,边部为沸石或绿泥石等铝硅酸盐矿物,向中心逐渐过渡为铁白云石碳酸盐。综合研究区所有的矿物序列来看,最完整的序列应为黄铁矿—钾长石—方沸石—钠沸石—钠长石—菱镁矿—菱铁矿—白云石—方解石,但是这种完整的序列是不常见的,通常仅为其中某几种矿物的组合,然而不管是哪些矿物进行组合,其出现的顺序都不变。推测该矿物序列的类型受热液喷流和溢流阶段、时间、温度和热水化学性质控制,早期高温、高盐度条件下出现的铝硅酸盐矿物序列较多,而晚期主要形成碳酸盐矿物序列。  相似文献   

现代黄河三角洲沉积层压实下沉的计算分析     

高茂生  薛春汀  叶思源  袁红明  赵广明  丁喜桂 《海洋学报(英文版)》2010,29(5):34-40

1855年以来形成的厚度为15 m的现代黄河三角洲分流叶瓣在遭废弃后的最近30 a内的沉积压实幅度为2.28~3.87 m,年平均压实量达0.1 m,其中黏土质粉砂被压实了25.8%,粉砂沉积地层被压实了15.2%,黏土质粉砂的沉积压实量是粉砂沉积压实量的1.7倍,在此期间基本上完成了三角洲压实下沉过程。下伏沉积地层的压缩量有限,不同沉积年代的沉积压实下沉量相差小,如厚度为20~30 m的沉积压实量仅有0.2~0.28 m,其中黏土质粉砂被压实了0.91%,粉砂被压实了1.19%,沉积地层平均被压实了1%。无论是黏土质粉砂还是粉砂,孔隙度与沉积地层深度呈负指数函数关系,黏粒含量愈高,孔隙水则愈难以排出,覆盖在下伏沉积地层上面的表层沉积物对压实下沉贡献愈大。  相似文献   

A preliminary study on fingerprinting approach in marine sediment dynamics with the rare earth elements   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

ZHOU Xiaojing  LI Anchun  JIANG Fuqing  MENG Qingyong 《海洋学报(英文版)》2010,29(4):62-77

Locating the quantitized natural sediment fingerprints is an important work for marine sediment dynamics study.The total of 146 sediment samples were collected from the Shelf of the East China Sea and five rivers,including Huanghe (Yellow),Changjiang (Yangtze),Qiantang,Ou and Min River.The sediment grain size and the contents of rare earth elements (REEs) were measured with laser particle size analyzer and ICP-MS technology.The results show that absolute REE content (ΣREE) and the concentration ratio of light REEs to heavy REEs (L/HREE) are different in the sediments among those rivers.There are higher REE contents in being less than 2 m and 2–31 μm fractions in the Changjiang Estuary surface sediments.The REE contents of bulk sediment are dominated by the corresponding values of those leading size-fractions.REE of sediment is higher close to the estuaries and declines seaward on the inner shelf of the East China Sea (ECS).The L/HREE ratio has a tendency of increase southward from 28 ? N.Hydrodynamic conditions plays a predominate role on spacial distributions of the surficial sediment’s REE parameters.In some situations,the currents tend to remove the coarser light grains from initial populations,as well as the deposit of the finer heavy mineral grains.In other situations,the currents will change the ratio of sediment constituents,such as ratio between silts and clays in the sediments.As a result,the various values of REE or L/HREE ratio in different bulk sediments are more affected by the change of size-fractions than source location.Under the long-term stable hydrodynamic environment,i.e.,the East China Sea Shelf,new sediment transport model based on the size and density gradation concept may help to understand the spatial distribution patterns of REE parameters.  相似文献   

Evaporites, petroleum exploration, and the Cenozoic evolution of the Libyan shelf margin, central North Africa     

Joseph Carl Fiduk   《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2009,26(8):1513-1527

The Mediterranean margin of Libya can be divided into three physiographic provinces, the Pelagian Shelf, the Sirt Embayment, and Offshore Cyrenaica. The petroleum potential of the Pelagian Shelf has been investigated but the Sirt Embayment and Offshore Cyrenaica are almost unexplored. During 2004–2005, new 2D pre-stack time-migrated seismic data were acquired and used to examine the large-scale structural, depositional, and salt tectonic features of the Libyan shelf and slope. The data cover approximately 38,000 line kilometers in water depths ranging from under 50 to over 3000 m.Cenozoic strata along much of the Libyan margin have a demonstrable progradational character punctuated by surfaces of erosion and margin failure. Within the Sirt Embayment the most visible retrogradational surface becomes seismically coincident with the top of Messinian unconformity. This retrogradational surface extends for over 700 km along strike and cuts both sides of the Sirt Embayment. Over 5000 cubic kilometers of material are missing from above this surface. There are two ideas for how retrogradation occurred. One idea relates the retrogradation to margin erosion during the Messinian salinity crisis. The other idea suggests that a large part of the Libyan margin experienced a cataclysmic failure during the late Miocene.Some existing models for offshore Libya have interpreted a widespread layer of halite lying within the Messinian which thickens basinward. This interpretation was probably based on the fact seismic reflection continuity was lost over much of the Sirt Embayment on older data beneath the top Messinian unconformity. The loss of good reflection character adversely affected exploration efforts by obscuring deep structures. Recent seismic data and a current understanding of salt behavior do not support the interpretation of thick halite within the Messinian section. Regional observations do not indicate any mobile halite present in the Sirt Embayment. There is a relatively thin, high amplitude and high velocity layer of non-halite evaporites (mainly anhydrite) which caps the Messinian section. Where this high amplitude and high velocity layer is absent or eroded, seismic continuity within the Messinian interval is restored. Limited available well data support this interpretation.True mobile halite is interpreted to exist in offshore Libya only in the far west of the Pelagian Shelf near the Tunisian border. Beneath the Pelagian Shelf are a series of tight contractional folds that are interpreted to be salt cored. Basins adjacent to the folds display geometries characteristic of salt withdrawal. The fold crests formed bathymetric highs which served as nucleation sites for nummulitic shoal development. These shoals are the principal reservoirs of the Pelagian Shelf.  相似文献   

Turbidite-reservoir architecture in complex foredeep-margin and wedge-top depocenters,Tertiary Molasse foreland basin system,Austria     

Jacob A. Covault  Stephen M. Hubbard  Stephan A. Graham  Ralph Hinsch  Hans-Gert Linzer 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2009

We employ an integrated subsurface dataset, including >400 m of drill cores and three-dimensional (3D) seismic-reflection data from >530 km² of the Tertiary Molasse foreland basin system in Austria, to characterize turbidite-system architecture across structurally complex foredeep-margin and wedge-top depocenters and to interpret the influence of tectonic deformation and submarine topography on hydrocarbon-reservoir quality and distribution. Turbidite-system architecture and depositional processes were correlated with associated topographic features in order to identify zones of preferential sediment gravity-flow convergence or divergence. Zones of flow convergence facilitate flow acceleration and accumulative flow behavior, whereas zones of flow divergence facilitate deceleration and depletion. Zones of preferential flow convergence include narrow (<2 km) and steep (<20°) foredeep-margin slope channels along thrust front-segmenting tear faults, and steep, unchannelized piggyback-basin and foredeep margins (local gradients as great as 40° across piggyback-basin margins). The foredeep-margin gradient is exaggerated principally by tectonic deformation that post-dates turbidite-system development, based on a paucity of growth strata. Piggyback-basin-margin gradients are exaggerated as a result of deformation synchronous with and following turbidite-system development, judging from the presence of growth strata. Slope-channel topography facilitated the development of relatively coarse-grained, amalgamated turbidite reservoirs, whereas unchannelized basin-margin topography facilitated deposition of fine-grained, chaotic non-reservoirs. Zones of preferential flow divergence are flat (<1°), unconfined (i.e., large in comparison to sediment gravity flows) piggyback-basin floors, which facilitated the development of relatively coarse-grained, non-amalgamated, upward fining turbidite reservoirs, stratigraphically partitioned by fine-grained mass transport-complex deposits. The results of this study elucidate the influence of foredeep-margin and wedge-top tectonic deformation and topography on turbidite-system and associated reservoir character and distribution across the Molasse foreland basin system in Austria, and can be applied to oil and gas exploration in analogous, structurally complex settings.  相似文献