Exploring some relationships between biological soil crusts, soil aggregation and wind erosion   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

David J. Eldridge  John F. Leys 《Journal of Arid Environments》2003,53(4):457-466

A portable wind tunnel was used to test the contribution of biological and physical elements to overall soil aggregation on a soil dominated by biological soil crusts in south-eastern Australia. After moderate disturbance and simulated wind erosion, 90% of surface aggregates on the loamy soil and 76% on the sandy soil were dominated by biological elements (cryptogams). Lower levels of biological bonding were observed on the severely disturbed treatment. Linear regression indicated a significant positive relationship (r²=0·72) between biological soil crust cover and dry aggregation levels greater than 0·85mm. To maintain sediment transport below an erosion control target of 5gm⁻¹s⁻¹ for a 65kmh⁻¹ wind at 10m height, a crust cover of approximately 20% is required. When a multiple regression model which sequentially fitted biological crust cover and dry aggregation greater than 0·85mm was applied to the data, dry aggregation accounted for more of the variation in sediment transport rate than biological crust cover. These data were used to develop a conceptual model which integrates crust cover and dry aggregation, and provides a useful framework within which to predict the likely impacts of changes in soil crust cover and aggregation.  相似文献   

Salt tolerance of Microcoleus vaginatus Gom., a cyanobacterium isolated from desert algal crust, was enhanced by exogenous carbohydrates     

Lanzhou Chen  Dunhai Li  Yongding Liu 《Journal of Arid Environments》2003,55(4):381

Microcoleus vaginatus isolated from a desert algal crust of Shapotou was cultured in BG-11 medium containing 0.2 mol l⁻¹ NaCl or 0.2 mol l⁻¹ NaCl plus 100 mg l⁻¹ sucrose, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) or hot water-soluble polysaccharides (HWP), respectively. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates, photosystem II activity (Fv/Fm) and dark respiration of NaCl-stressed cells were enhanced significantly by the added sucrose or EPS under salt stress conditions (0.2 mol l⁻¹ NaCl). Compared with cells treated with salt alone, sodium contents in cells reduced significantly; the content of cellular total carbohydrate did not change, and intracellular sucrose, water-soluble sugar increased significantly following the addition of exogenous carbohydrates. Sucrose synthase (SS) activity of NaCl-stressed cells increased following the addition of sucrose, and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity of NaCl-stressed cells increased following the addition of exogenous sucrose, EPS or HWP compared with cells stressed with NaCl only. The results suggested that the extruded EPS might be re-absorbed by cells of M. vaginatus as carbon source, they could increase salt tolerance of M. vaginatus through the changes of carbohydrate metabolism and the selective uptake of sodium ions.  相似文献   

藏北新生代两套钾玄质火山岩系列地球化学特征   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8  

刘燊  胡瑞忠  迟效国  李才  冯彩霞 《矿物岩石》2003,23(2):66-71

岩石学和元素地球化学特征研究表明，藏北新生代自南向北沿可可西里岩带和喀喇昆仑—玉门岩带出露有两套钾玄质系列火山岩。它们富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土(LREE)及明显亏损Nb—Ta—Ti，同时具有板内和岛弧(陆弧)的双重特征。源区来源于可能与俯冲带流体有关的相似交代富集地幔，成岩过程主要经历了低度(＜10％)辉石分离结晶作用，同时，源区伴有地壳物质的混染作用。  相似文献   

华南地区地壳速度结构分析   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18       下载免费PDF全文

郑圻森  朱介寿  宣瑞卿  蔡学林 《沉积与特提斯地质》2003,23(4):9-13

笔者利用地球物理综合剖面上获取的P波速度值，对岩石圈地壳进行分层研究，划分出上、中、下地壳。按照大地构造单元进行数据的归类总结，计算出地壳各层平均速度和厚度值，以及地壳的平均速度和厚度值，最终通过所取得的数据资料的分析研究，探讨地球内部结构的动力学过程。  相似文献   

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

路凤香王春阳胡宝群吴其反  郑建平 《中国地质》2003,30(2):113-119

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。  相似文献   

宁南汤家坪地壳形变异常的调查研究     

程式  钱洪  杨永林  朱文庆 《四川地震》2003,(1):12-16

根据宁南汤家坪流动水准、基线测量出现的重大异常，进行了野外实地考察。发现点位是稳定的；A点与B、C点之间是跨断层的；但原始选点报告所提供的断层产状与作者实测的断层产状有一定的偏差。通过对相关资料分析，认为该场地的地壳形变异常是可靠的。并对其形成机理作了初步探讨。  相似文献   

GPS技术应用于中国地壳运动研究的方法及初步结果   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

江在森  马宗晋  牛安福  张晓亮  王双绪  陈兵 《地学前缘》2003,10(1):71-79

文中主要就中国利用GPS等空间测地资料研究地壳运动、构造变形 ,以及用于地震预测探索方面 ,从方法技术和近年来取得的一些初步结果进行了概要性论述。介绍了利用GPS技术资料研究地壳水平运动速度场、水平应变场、建立地壳运动模型等方法研究的进展。由GPS观测给出的地壳水平运动初步结果表明 :中国大陆现时水平运动在全球参考系中为整体向东 ,并兼有顺时针扭转运动。西部地区构造形变强烈 ,整个青藏块体及其边界带 ,以及新疆西部是应变值最高的区域 ,水平应变场主压应变优势分布方向为近NE向 ,空间差异显著 ,反映了印度板块碰撞推挤和青藏块体强烈构造运动的影响。中国大陆东部水平运动的差异性不显著。强震分布于地壳运动的大小、方向显著变化的区域 ,大地震通常发生在水平剪应变高值区或其边缘 ,尤其是与区域主干断裂的构造活动背景相一致的剪应变率高值区。  相似文献   

Methodology for construction, calibration and validation of a national hydrological model for Denmark   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

Hans Jrgen Henriksen  Lars Troldborg  Per Nyegaard  Torben Obel Sonnenborg  Jens Christian Refsgaard  Bjarne Madsen 《Journal of Hydrology》2003,280(1-4):52-71

An integrated groundwater/surface water hydrological model with a 1 km² grid has been constructed for Denmark covering 43,000 km². The model is composed of a relatively simple root zone component for estimating the net precipitation, a comprehensive three-dimensional groundwater component for estimating recharge to and hydraulic heads in different geological layers, and a river component for streamflow routing and calculating stream–aquifer interaction. The model was constructed on the basis of the MIKE SHE code and by utilising comprehensive national databases on geology, soil, topography, river systems, climate and hydrology. The present paper describes the modelling process for the 7330 km² island of Sjælland with emphasis on the problems experienced in combining the classical paradigms of groundwater modelling, such as inverse modelling of steady-state conditions, and catchment modelling, focussing on dynamic conditions and discharge simulation. Three model versions with different assumptions on input data and parameter values were required until the performance of the final, according to pre-defined accuracy criteria, model was evaluated as being satisfactory. The paper highlights the methodological issues related to establishment of performance criteria, parameterisation and assessment of parameter values from field data, calibration and validation test schemes. Most of the parameter values were assessed directly from field data, while about 10 ‘free’ parameters were subject to calibration using a combination of inverse steady-state groundwater modelling and manual trial-and-error dynamic groundwater/surface water modelling. Emphasising the importance of tests against independent data, the validation schemes included combinations of split-sample tests (another period) and proxy-basin tests (another area).  相似文献   

Scaling effects on modeled surface energy-balance components using the NOAH-OSU land surface model   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

V. Sridhar  Ronald L. Elliott  Fei Chen 《Journal of Hydrology》2003,280(1-4):105-123

As surface exchange processes are highly non-linear and heterogeneous in space and time, it is important to know the appropriate scale for the reasonable prediction of these exchange processes. For example, the explicit representation of surface variability has been vital in predicting mesoscale weather events such as late-afternoon thunderstorms initiated by latent heat exchanges in mid-latitude regions of the continental United States. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of different spatial scales of input data on modeled fluxes, so as to better understand the resolution needed for accurate modeling. A statistical procedure was followed to select two cells from the Southern Great Plains 1997 hydrology experiment region, each 20 km×20 km, representing the most homogeneous and the most heterogeneous surface conditions (based on soil and vegetation) within the study region. The NOAH-OSU (Oregon State University) Land Surface Model (LSM) was employed to estimate surface energy fluxes. Three scales of study (200 m, 2 and 20 km) were considered in order to investigate the impacts of the aggregation of input data, especially soil and vegetation inputs, on the model output. Model results of net radiation and latent, sensible and ground heat fluxes were compared for the three scales. For the heterogeneous area, the model output at the 20-km resolution showed some differences when compared with the 200-m and 2-km resolutions. This was more pronounced in latent heat (12% decrease), sensible heat (22% increase), and ground heat flux (44% increase) estimation than in net radiation. The scaling effects were much less for the relatively homogeneous land area with 5% increase in sensible heat and 4% decrease in ground heat flux estimation. All of the model outputs for the 2- and 20-km resolutions were in close agreement. The results suggested that, for this study region, soils and vegetation input resolution of about 2 km should be chosen for realistic modeling of surface exchange processes. This resolution was sufficient to capture the effects of sub-grid scale heterogeneity, while avoiding the data and computational difficulties associated with higher spatial resolutions.  相似文献   

He and Ne isotopes in oceanic crust: implications for noble gas recycling in the mantle     

Manuel Moreira  Jerzy Blusztajn  Joshua Curtice  Stan Hart  Henry Dick  Mark D. Kurz 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,216(4):635-643

In an attempt to determine the helium and neon isotopic composition of the lower oceanic crust, we report new noble gas measurements on 11 million year old gabbros from Ocean Drilling Program site 735B in the Indian Ocean. The nine whole rock samples analyzed came from 20 to 500 m depth below the seafloor. Helium contents vary from 3.3×10⁻¹⁰ to 2.5×10⁻⁷ ccSTP/g by crushing and from 5.4×10⁻⁸ to 2.4×10⁻⁷ ccSTP/g by melting. ³He/⁴He ratios vary between 2.2 and 8.6 Ra by crushing and between 2.9 and 8.2 by melting. The highest R/Ra ratios are similar to the mean mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) ratio of 8±1. The lower values are attributed to radiogenic helium from in situ α-particle production during uranium and thorium decay. Neon isotopic ratios are similar to atmospheric ratios, reflecting a significant seawater circulation in the upper 500 m of exposed crust at this site. MORB-like neon, with elevated ²⁰Ne/²²Ne and ²¹Ne/²²Ne ratios, was found in some high temperature steps of heating experiments, but with very small anomalies compared to air. These first results from the lower oceanic crust indicate that subducted lower oceanic crust has an atmospheric ²⁰Ne/²²Ne ratio. Most of this neon must be removed during the subduction process, if the ocean crust is to be recirculated in the upper mantle, otherwise this atmospheric neon will overwhelm the upper mantle neon budget. Similarly, the high (U+Th)/³He ratio of these crustal gabbros will generate very radiogenic ⁴He/³He ratios on a 100 Ma time scale, so lower oceanic crust cannot be recycled into either MORB or oceanic island basalt without some form of processing.  相似文献