Late Holocene climates of the Near East deduced from Dead Sea level variations and modern regional winter rainfall     

Yehouda Enzel  Revital Bookman  David Sharon  Haim Gvirtzman  Uri Dayan  Baruch Ziv  Mordechai Stein 《Quaternary Research》2003,60(3):263-273

The Dead Sea is a terminal lake of one of the largest hydrological systems in the Levant and may thus be viewed as a large rain gauge for the region. Variations of its level are indicative of the climate variations in the region. Here, we present the decadal- to centennial-resolution Holocene lake-level curve of the Dead Sea. Then we determine the regional hydroclimatology that affected level variations. To achieve this goal we compare modern natural lake-level variations and instrumental rainfall records and quantify the hydrology relative to lake-level rise, fall, or stability. To quantify that relationship under natural conditions, rainfall data pre-dating the artificial Dead Sea level drop since the 1960s are used. In this respect, Jerusalem station offers the longest uninterrupted pre-1960s rainfall record and Jerusalem rains serve as an adequate proxy for the Dead Sea headwaters rainfall. Principal component analysis indicates that temporal variations of annual precipitation in all stations in Israel north of the current 200 mm yr⁻¹ average isohyet during 1940–1990 are largely synchronous and in phase (70% of the total variance explained by PC1). This station also represents well northern Jordan and the area all the way to Beirut, Lebanon, especially during extreme drought and wet spells. We (a) determine the modern, and propose the past regional hydrology and Eastern Mediterranean (EM) climatology that affected the severity and length of droughts/wet spells associated with multiyear episodes of Dead Sea level falls/rises and (b) determine that EM cyclone tracks were different in average number and latitude in wet and dry years in Jerusalem. The mean composite sea level pressure and 500-mb height anomalies indicate that the potential causes for wet and dry episodes span the entire EM and are rooted in the larger-scale northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation. We also identified remarkably close association (within radiocarbon resolution) between climatic changes in the Levant, reflected by level changes, and culture shifts in this region.  相似文献   

A late quaternary record of eolian silt deposition in a maar lake, St. Michael Island, western Alaska     

Daniel R Muhs  Thomas A AgerJosh Been  J.Platt BradburyWalter E Dean 《Quaternary Research》2003,60(1):110-122

Recent stratigraphic studies in central Alaska have yielded the unexpected finding that there is little evidence for full-glacial (late Wisconsin) loess deposition. Because the loess record of western Alaska is poorly exposed and not well known, we analyzed a core from Zagoskin Lake, a maar lake on St. Michael Island, to determine if a full-glacial eolian record could be found in that region. Particle size and geochemical data indicate that the mineral fraction of the lake sediments is not derived from the local basalt and is probably eolian. Silt deposition took place from at least the latter part of the mid-Wisconsin interstadial period through the Holocene, based on radiocarbon dating. Based on the locations of likely loess sources, eolian silt in western Alaska was probably deflated by northeasterly winds from glaciofluvial sediments. If last-glacial winds that deposited loess were indeed from the northeast, this reconstruction is in conflict with a model-derived reconstruction of paleowinds in Alaska. Mass accumulation rates in Zagoskin Lake were higher during the Pleistocene than during the Holocene. In addition, more eolian sediment is recorded in the lake sediments than as loess on the adjacent landscape. The thinner loess record on land may be due to the sparse, herb tundra vegetation that dominated the landscape in full-glacial time. Herb tundra would have been an inefficient loess trap compared to forest or even shrub tundra due to its low roughness height. The lack of abundant, full-glacial, eolian silt deposition in the loess stratigraphic record of central Alaska may be due, therefore, to a mimimal ability of the landscape to trap loess, rather than a lack of available eolian sediment.  相似文献   

Mid-holocene climate change in Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana     

James Russell  Michael R TalbotBrian J Haskell 《Quaternary Research》2003,60(2):133-141

Lake Bosumtwi is one of the most widely studied palaeoclimate archives in West Africa. Results from numerous AMS ¹⁴C dates of samples from four piston cores from Lake Bosumtwi show that an abrupt sedimentary transition from a mid-Holocene sapropel to calcareous laminated muds occurred at about 3200 cal yr B.P. High-resolution analyses of the nitrogen isotopic composition of organic matter across this transition confirm its abrupt nature, and suggest that the change may signal a step toward increased aridity and intensified surface winds that affected western equatorial Africa from Ghana to the Congo basin. Northern and Eastern Africa experienced a similar abrupt shift toward aridity during the late Holocene, but at about 5000 cal yr B.P., a difference in timing that illustrates the regional nature of climate changes during the Holocene and the importance of feedback mechanisms in regulating Holocene climate variability. Furthermore, an abrupt change at about 3000 cal yr B.P. occurs at several sites adjacent to the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, which may hint at major changes in the surface temperatures of the tropical Atlantic and/or Pacific at this time.  相似文献   

Late Pleistocene and early Holocene rivers and wetlands in the Bonneville basin of western North America     

Charles G Oviatt  David B Madsen 《Quaternary Research》2003,60(2):200-210

Field investigations at Dugway Proving Ground in western Utah have produced new data on the chronology and human occupation of late Pleistocene and early Holocene lakes, rivers, and wetlands in the Lake Bonneville basin. We have classified paleo-river channels of these ages as “gravel channels” and “sand channels.” Gravel channels are straight to curved, digitate, and have abrupt bulbous ends. They are composed of fine gravel and coarse sand, and are topographically inverted (i.e., they stand higher than the surrounding mudflats). Sand channels are younger and sand filled, with well-developed meander-scroll morphology that is truncated by deflated mudflat surfaces. Gravel channels were formed by a river that originated as overflow from the Sevier basin along the Old River Bed during the late regressive phases of Lake Bonneville (after 12,500 and prior to 11,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P.). Dated samples from sand channels and associated fluvial overbank and wetland deposits range in age from 11,000 to 8800 ¹⁴C yr B.P., and are probably related to continued Sevier-basin overflow and to groundwater discharge. Paleoarchaic foragers occupied numerous sites on gravel-channel landforms and adjacent to sand channels in the extensive early Holocene wetland habitats. Reworking of tools and limited toolstone diversity is consistent with theoretical models suggesting Paleoarchaic foragers in the Old River Bed delta were less mobile than elsewhere in the Great Basin.  相似文献   

末次盛冰期以来全球湿润状况的地质证据──全球古湖泊数据库及其湖水位变化的大尺度时空分析     

秦伯强  S.P.Harrison  于革  P.E.Tarasov  B.Damnati 《湖泊科学》1997,(3)

介绍了正在建设中的全球湖泊数据库的情况，以及该数据库的水位资料所反映的晚更新世末期以来全球湿润状况的变化。通过大尺度湖水位变化的时空分析，结果显示当今湖泊水位状态较历史时期而言，位于低纬干旱或半干旱地区的湖泊水位较低，而中纬及高纬湿润地区的湖泊水位较高。自末次冰盛期以来，北美大陆中南部地区湖泊水位自高至低，反映出该地区气候条件由湿变干，至早、中全新世达最干旱。而在非洲及南亚季风地区，冷期偏干，暖期偏湿。特别是在早、中全新世的温暖时期，为历史上最湿润时期。北半球中纬度地带的气候干湿变化与北半球冰盖的存在及其消融导致的西风带的南北摆动有关；而北半球季风区在早、中全新世出现的高潮面与北半球夏季辐射的增加有密切联系。  相似文献   

大布苏湖沉积剖面碳酸盐含量氧同位素特征的古气候意义   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10  

沈吉  吴瑞金  羊向东  潘红玺  安芷生 《湖泊科学》1997,9(3):217-222

对大布苏湖沉积剖面碳酸盐含量和氧同位素特征研究表明，湖区15000年以来经历了多期冷湿与暖干气候旋回，大约距今6700年左右，气候变干并进入稳定的温暖时期，湖水逐渐高度浓缩，形成了现今的盐碱湖。  相似文献   

洪泽湖历史洪水分析(1736─1992年)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

姜加虎  袁静秀  黄群 《湖泊科学》1997,(3)

根据1736－1911年文献记载的洪泽湖年最高水位及1914－1992年湖区水文测站的水位、流量资料，进行了长、短序列的入湖洪峰流量及不同时段洪量的频率分析，进而推求出不同重视期的设计入湖洪量和洪水年份相当的重现期，并分析洪水的灾害特征，结果表明：1）洪泽湖历史上洪水发生频繁，1786、1851、1906年均发生过特大洪水，高堰志桩分别至163、23．4、16．1尺。2）1953年建库后，湖水位上升。年最高水位历年平均值较建库前升高了1．22m；多年平均水位升高了1．72m。3）1916－1992年淮河蚌埠站年入湖洪峰流量、最大3日洪量、最大30日洪量和年平均流量频率分析显示。1954年分别相当于20、20、45．5和30．3年一遇洪水。1991年分别相当于7．1、7．1、10和14．7年一遇洪水。1991年洪水总体上小于1954年，但灾情超过1954年．表明湖区受灾程度有加剧趋势。  相似文献   

博斯腾湖的水盐平衡与矿化度   总被引：11，自引：5，他引：11  

成正才  李宇安 《干旱区地理》1997,20(3):43-49

博斯腾湖曾是中国内陆区最大的淡水湖，因人类活动影响约在１９６８年演变为微咸水湖。本文依据湖泊水平衡太矿化度基本原理，结合博斯滕湖实际，分析计算了该湖各个时期的水盐平衡与矿化度；经推地整理，提出了预测矿化度的计算式，经检验与实测值基本吻合。  相似文献   

DYNAMIC VARIATIONS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAIHU LAKE AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF ITS INFLUENTIAL FACTORS   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Cai Qiming Gao Xiyun Chen Yuwei Ma Shengwei Nanjing Institute of Geography  Limnology  CAS  Nanjing People''s Republic of ChinaMartin Dokulil Institute of Limnology  Austria 《地理学报(英文版)》1997,(3)

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The phytoplankton of some saline lakes in Central Asia     

Yoshiko Kawabata  Hiroyuki Nakahara  Yukio Katayama  Norio Ishida 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1997,6(1):5-16

The Aral Sea, Lake Balkhash, and Lake Kamyslybas are closed lakes in Central Asia. They range from oligosaline to metasaline. The salinity of the Aral Sea has increased by more than 30 g L⁻¹ since widespread irrigation began in its catchment area. Few studies of the phytoplankton have been conducted on these lakes since extensive irrigation started. The investigation reported here compares the flora of phytoplankton in these saline lakes. In the Small Aral Sea, phytoplankton density gradually decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) (∼ salinity), but there was no such relation in Lake Balkhash and Lake Kamyslybas. In the Aral Sea, Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were frequently observed in most areas of high EC value, and Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous in the area of medium and lower EC values. In Lake Balkhash, Cyanophyceae were most conspicuous, but Chlorophyceae were also noticeable. Most Cyanophyceae in Aral Sea formed filaments with heterocysts. The distinct characteristic of the phytoplankton of the Lake Balkhash was that all dominant species form colonies covered with a gelatinous film. Siliceousplankton diversity gradually decreased with increasing EC values in the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash.  相似文献