Measures of fishing fleet diversity in the New England groundfish fishery     

《Marine Policy》2015

After 16 years under a limited access program with effort controls, the New England groundfish fishery transitioned to a catch share management system in 2010. For much of its earlier management history, issues related to fishing capacity were paramount as effort controls were increasingly restrictive to meet biological objectives. As the size of the active fleet declined from over 1000 vessels from 1994 to 2001 to less than 400 vessels in 2012, the management concern shifted to fleet diversity. Fleet diversity has been cast in terms of vessels based on characteristics such as size, gear, and region rather than their share in landings or economic value. Measuring fleet diversity with indices commonly used in the biodiversity literature such as richness, effective diversity based on the Shannon index, and evenness appears appropriate for this context. In this paper these indices were applied to measure changes in diversity of the active New England groundfish fleet from 1996 to 2012. Fleet diversity as measured by the Shannon Index has declined by approximately 35% from 1996 to 2012, but has remained relatively stable since 2007. Forty vessel types were present in all 17 years, which accounted for about 85% of active groundfish vessels and over 90% of total groundfish landings in all years. Even though the fleet size and overall diversity have declined the “core” groundfish fleet remains stable.  相似文献   

中国沿海不同地区泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)的遗传多样性分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘春芳  李翠  张振  王海艳 《海洋与湖沼》2015,46(2):365-371

以采自海南海口、广西防城港、广西北海、广东湛江、福建漳州、山东荣成、山东威海7个地理群体62个泥蚶个体为材料,获取592bp线粒体COI基因片段序列,并进行遗传多样性及分化分析。多态性遗传参数统计显示:62个个体共检测出103个多态性位点,定义了26个单倍型;总群体单倍型多样性指数为0.834,核苷酸多样性指数为0.01665,平均核苷酸差异数为9.85772。7个群体均显示出较丰富的遗传多样性,群体内遗传距离及群体内遗传多样性参数显示中国沿海泥蚶遗传多样性由北向南呈升高趋势,而群体内遗传分化系数也呈现升高的趋势。基于26个单倍型COI序列构建的NJ树和UPGMA树以及基于群体间遗传距离构建的UPGMA树显示,荣成群体和威海群体亲缘关系较近,聚成一小支,而后与漳州群体相聚,然而南方类群并没有聚为独立的一支。  相似文献   

Understanding the association between the non-geniculate coralline red alga Spongites discoidea and the mollusc Oxystele sinensis     

R Eager  C Puckree-Padua 《African Journal of Marine Science》2015,37(3):335-344

Nearly all adult winkles Oxystele sinensis encountered in the Kalk Bay (Western Cape province, South Africa) shallow subtidal zone were observed to bear a thick, convoluted form of the non-geniculate coralline red alga Spongites discoidea. To understand this association, various data were collected. The results show that O. sinensis is for the most part restricted to the shallow subtidal zone and rockpools, whereas the morphologically similar O. tigrina is largely restricted to the intertidal zone. Fleshy macroalgae were absent from all habitats sampled, with much of the primary substratum being occupied by encrusting algae. Spongites discoidea was restricted to intertidal rockpools and the shallow subtidal zone where O. sinensis was the most abundant winkle. Subtidal specimens of S. discoidea were generally thicker (7.24?mm [SE 0.55] on shells, 6.02?mm [SE 0.67] on boulders) than intertidal specimens (2.39?mm [SE 0.21] on boulders, 1.02?mm [SE 0.09] on bedrock), were more heavily burrowed into (44% [SE 3.32] for subtidal shells, 36% [SE 3.94] for subtidal boulders), and were more weakly attached (2.2?kg [SE 0.58] for subtidal shells, 8.4?kg [SE 0.77] for subtidal boulders). Experimental evidence showed that the coralline has no preference for shells of O. sinensis and that, contrary to our assumption, there is no apparent advantage to the winkle bearing the coralline, other than perhaps for camouflage to avoid predation. The high frequency of the association is more likely due to the substantial overlap in the niches of the coralline and the winkle.  相似文献   

义敦岛弧晚白垩世斑岩成矿系统   总被引：19，自引：14，他引：5  

杨立强  高雪  和文言 《岩石学报》2015,31(11):3155-3170

义敦岛弧晚白垩世花岗(斑)岩及其相关成矿系统发育,呈南北向展布,且由北向南呈规律性变化,形成北段昌台弧、中段乡城弧和南段中甸弧3个子系统:(1)北段昌台弧发育97~93Ma的斑状二长花岗岩岩基和矽卡岩型锡矿床,岩体侵位于乡城-格咱断裂与甘孜-理塘断裂的交汇地带,表现了较宽的主量元素变化范围,属于高钾钙碱性-钾玄质的过铝质系列,稀土配分模式较平坦、具有负Eu异常,锡矿化多发育于岩体与上三叠统图姆沟组碳酸盐岩的接触带上;(2)中段乡城弧乡城-格咱断裂两侧发育大量85~77Ma的花岗(斑)岩及斑岩-矽卡岩型Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag多金属矿床,主体岩相为斑状黑云二长花岗岩,是碱性、分异程度高的酸性岩,具典型钾质演化系列,多金属矿化主要发生在岩体与上三叠统图姆沟组碳酸盐岩和变质碎屑岩接触带中,从花岗岩向外为Sn→Pb-Zn,垂向上由深部到浅部依次为含Sn磁铁矿→Sn→Sn-Pb-Zn-Ag;(3)南段中甸弧发育呈岩株出露的88~78Ma的二长花岗斑岩及斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-Mo-W多金属矿床,休瓦促和热林花岗斑岩体侵入上三叠统喇嘛亚组、拉纳山组砂板岩中,主要发育蚀变花岗岩型和热液石英脉型矿体;红山花岗斑岩体侵入上三叠统图姆沟组碳酸盐岩和变质碎屑岩中,主要发育矽卡岩型矿体。斑岩体中发育角闪石斑晶,铝饱和指数小于1.1,Zr、P与SiO 2呈显著负相关,具有I型花岗岩特征。与晚三叠世同俯冲的弧花岗岩相比,晚白垩世花岗(斑)岩明显偏酸性(SiO 2含量范围为65.06%~76.30%)、富碱质(K2O+Na2O含量范围为6.55%~10.77%)和铝饱和(A/CNK=0.72~1.13);岩浆源区深度变浅,且花岗(斑)岩源区从昌台弧(Eu/Eu*=0.20~0.66,εNd(t)=-6.90~-5.30,εHf(t)=-0.6~1.9)→乡城弧(Eu/Eu*=0.04~0.18,(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7110~0.7250,εNd(t)=-8.40~-5.54)→中甸弧(Eu/Eu*=0.14~0.88,(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.7075~0.7092,εNd(t)=-8.50~-5.76,εHf(t)=-9.5~-2.2)呈现由中-酸性变沉积地壳到中-基性地壳的变化趋势。这表明义敦岛弧由北向南成矿系统多样性的变化可能与晚白垩世花岗质岩浆的源区有关,即控制花岗岩氧逸度的主要因素是源区性质,岩浆型地壳通常形成氧化型花岗岩及相关的Cu、Mo成矿系统;而沉积型地壳形成还原型花岗岩及相关的Sn、W、Pb、Zn成矿系统。  相似文献   

Assessment of Diversity, Distribution, Conservation Status and Preparation of Management Plan for Medicinal Plants in the Catchment Area of Parbati Hydroelectric Project Stage -Ⅲ in Northwestern Himalaya     

S.S. Samlant Jitendra S. Butola Aman Sharma 《山地科学学报》2007,4(1):34-56

The developmental activities, particularly the construction of hydroelectric projects are causing a great loss of biodiversity in the Indian Himalayan Region. The Himachal Pradesh, a part of IHR is well known for the development of hydroelectric projects. The Parbati H.E. Project is amongst the major projects of the State. The different stages of the project are all causing loss of biodiversity of the area. Stage Ⅲ of the Parbati H.E. Project is a run of the river scheme on the Sainj River downstream of Power House of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ. The project shall utilize regulated discharge of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ and inflow of River Sainj for power generation, and has been contemplated as a peaking station operating in tandem with Stage Ⅱ. The present study has been undertaken to see the impact of hydroelectric project on the biodiversity, particularly on medicinal plants. A total of 104 species of medicinal plants, belonging to different life forms, i.e., trees (23 spp.), shrubs (22 spp.), herbs (57 spp.) and ferns (2 spp.) were recorded. The species have been analyzed and studied for their distribution, classification, altitudinal zones, part (s) used, indigenous uses, nativity, endemism and rarity.Different parts of these species, such as whole plants, roots (including rhizomes and tubers), leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, barks, spikes, nuts and insect galls are used by the inhabitants for curing various diseases and ailments. 30 species are native to the Himalayan region, 9 species native to the Himalayan region and adjacent countries also and 65 species are non-natives. 9 species are near endemics. Considering the whole Himalaya as a biogeographic unit (sensu lato), the near endemics are endemic to the Himalaya. Among these species, Zanthoxylum armatum is categorized as Endangered and Valeriana wallichii as Vulnerable. Hedychium spicatum, Rhus javanica, Berberis lycium, Thalictrum foliolossum, Salvia lanata, Rubia cordifolia and Bergenia ligulata may be considered as threatened species due to their over exploitation for trade. 90 species are propagated by seeds, 8 species by seeds and rhizomes/roots/tubers, 4 species by seeds and cuttings, and 2 species by sori. A management plan for the cultivation and conservation of the medicinal plants in the dam submergence area, and the commercially viable medicinal plants with high value in the catchment area is suggested.  相似文献   

Nematode Diversity of Qingdao Coast Inferred from the 18S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequence Analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

SHEN Xiquan YANG Guanpin LIU Yongjian 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2007,6(2):132-136

The 18S ribosomal DNA gene （18S rDNA） sequences （approxtmately 1300 bp in length） were amplified from the DNA extracted from the free-living marine nematodes collected from the inter-tidal sediment of Qingdao coast in bulk with nematode specific primers. The PCR products were cloned, re-amplified, digested with Rsa I and Hin61 restriction endonucleases and separated in agarose gel. Among 17 restriction fragment length types, types 1, 2 and 6 covered 61.2%, 14.4% and 9.3% of the clones analyzed, respectively, while the remaining 14 only covered 21 clones, which accounted for 15.1% of the total. Twenty-four representative clones were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed by referring to those currently available in RDP and GenBank databases. Although it was hard to assign these sequences to known species or genera due to the lack of the 18S rDNA sequence data of known marine free-living nematodes, the obtained sequences were assigned to the nematodes of Adenophorea. Among them, twelve sequences were close to Pontonema vulgate and Adoncholaimus sp., four to Daptonema procerus and two （identical） to Enoplus brews. Our results showed that free-living marine nematode diversities could be determined by PCR retrieving and analysis of the 18S rDNA sequences and an 18S rDNA sequence could be assigned to a species or a genus only if the 18S rDNA sequences of the free-living marine nematodes were accumulated to some extent.  相似文献   

A Marine Biotic Index to Establish the Ecological Quality of Soft-Bottom Benthos Within European Estuarine and Coastal Environments   总被引：34，自引：0，他引：34  

A. Borja  J. Franco  V. Prez 《Marine pollution bulletin》2000,40(12):1235-1114

In this paper, a marine Biotic Index (BI) for soft-bottom benthos of European estuarine and coastal environments is proposed. This is derived from the proportions of individual abundance in five ecological groups, which are related to the degree of sensitivity/tolerance to an environmental stress gradient. The main difference with previously published indices is the use of a simple formula that produces a continuous Biotic Coefficient (BC) – which makes it more suitable for statistical analysis, in opposition with previous discreet biotic indices – not affected by subjectivity. Relationships between this coefficient and a complementary BI with several environmental variables are discussed. Finally, a validation of the proposed index is made with data from systems affected by recent human disturbances, showing that different anthropogenic changes in the environment can be detected through the use of this BI.  相似文献   

Fatty Acid Composition and Community Structure of Plankton from the San Lorenzo Channel, Gulf of California     

B.E. Lavaniegos  D. López-Cortés 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1997,45(6):845-854

The structure of the plankton community and fatty acid composition of nano-, micro- and zooplankton are described during four seasons of 1994 from the San Lorenzo Channel. During August, the warmest temperature in the surface water was observed and a thermocline developed between 20 and 30 m. In the remaining months, a well-mixed layer occurred in the upper 30 m. The chlorophyllacontent of the nanoplankton fraction (<38 μm) was higher than the microplanktonic fraction (38–200 μm) year round. Maximal chlorophyll values (1·5–3 μ l⁻¹) occurred in January, which may be associated with organic matter, since phytoplankton was lower than at other seasons. The relative abundance of diatoms increased from January (57% of phytoplankton) to November (99%). The increment was mainly due toNitzschiaandChaetoceros. Dinoflagellates were always low (0·03–1·36 cells ml⁻¹). Copepods (mainlyEucalanus) dominated the zooplankton in winter and fall, while in spring and summer, the abundance of doliolids was similar to the copepods (Nannocalanus minordominated).Four fatty acids (16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1) were the most conspicuous in the plankton, representing usually between 40 and 80% of the total fatty acids throughout the water column. In winter, higher fatty acid content and higher relative amounts of 16:0 and 16:1 were observed than in the warm months. Stearic acid (18:0) peaked during fall. The major seasonal differences occurred in the nanoplankton, which had peaks of 20:5 during January, and 16:4 in April. A strong decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) occurred during the warm months. The fatty acid composition of microplankton and larger zooplankton was similar in winter–spring. Individual copepods of selected species (Eucalanus sewelli,Rhincalanus nasutus,Centropages furcatusandLabidocera acuta) showed fatty acid profiles similar to the mixed zooplankton, with some differences in content of PUFA.  相似文献   

Current Vegetation Pattern along Glacial Landscape in Central （Garhwal） Himalaya, India     

Uday N. Gaur  G.P. Raturi  A.B. Bhatt 《山地科学学报》2005,2(3):255-264

Introduction High mountain ecosystems are comparatively thrilling and sensitive at least at the upper elevation levels, and are determined by abiotic climate related ecological factors. Therefore, the ecosystems at the low temperature limits of plant life are generally considered to be particularly sensitive to climate changes (Koerner 1999). As temperature is a key factor for high mountain plants (Koerner and Larcher 1988, Gottfried et al. 1998), an upward migration of species must be conse…  相似文献   

基于COI和ITS-1基因对魁蚶野生群体和人工繁育子代的遗传分析     

陈桢  邱兆星  王鸿霞  张秀梅  刘保忠 《海洋科学》2013,37(7):24-32

采用线粒体 COI 基因和核糖体第一内转录间隔区 ITS-1基因,对荣成(RC)和即墨(JM)2个魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii Schrenck)野生地理群体及一个人工繁育的即墨子代(JZ)群体,进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析,探讨即墨人工繁育的子代作为荣成魁蚶底播增殖苗种的可行性。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,3个群体的遗传差异主要存在群体内。荣成野生群体和即墨野生群体间的Fst值,基于COI基因和ITS-1基因分别为0.1678和0.1193,表明荣成野生群体与即墨野生群体之间存在中等程度的遗传分化。单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分析结果表明,人工繁育的即墨子代群体的遗传多样性明显降低。荣成野生群体与即墨子代群体之间的遗传差异,较之与即墨野生群体间的遗传差异更大。如果采用即墨子代在荣成底播,可能会对荣成野生魁蚶野生群体的遗传结构产生一定影响,因此,采用即墨人工繁育子代作为荣成魁蚶底播增殖的苗种来源时必须十分慎重,并在苗种繁育时尽量采用大群体有效亲本。  相似文献