Changes in sediment and organic carbon accumulation in a highly-disturbed ecosystem: The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (California, USA)     

Elizabeth A. Canuel  Elizabeth J. Lerberg  Rebecca M. Dickhut  Steven A. Kuehl  Thomas S. Bianchi  Stuart G. Wakeham 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,59(4-7):154

We used the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta CA (Delta, hereafter) as a model system for understanding how human activities influence the delivery of sediment and total organic carbon (TOC) over the past 50–60 years. Sediment cores were collected from sites within the Delta representing the Sacramento River (SAC), the San Joaquin River (SJR), and Franks Tract (FT), a flooded agricultural tract. A variety of anthropogenic tracers including ¹³⁷Cs, total DDE (∑DDE) and brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) congeners were used to quantify sediment accumulation rates. This information was combined with total organic carbon (TOC) profiles to quantify rates of TOC accumulation. Across the three sites, sediment and TOC accumulation rates were four to eight-fold higher prior to 1972. Changes in sediment and TOC accumulation were coincident with completion of several large reservoirs and increased agriculture and urbanization in the Delta watershed. Radiocarbon content of TOC indicated that much of the carbon delivered to the Delta is “pre-aged” reflecting processing in the Delta watershed or during transport to the sites rather than an input of predominantly contemporary carbon (e.g., 900–1400 years BP in surface sediments and 2200 yrs BP and 3610 yrs BP at the base of the SJR and FT cores, respectively). Together, these data suggest that human activities have altered the amount and age of TOC accumulating in the Delta since the 1940s.  相似文献   

A review and research on comprehensive characterization of microscopic shale gas reservoir space     

《China Geology》2019,2(4):541-556

In this paper, substantial domestic and foreign research results of microscopic shale reservoir space were systemically reviewed, the research history consisting of simple observation and qualitative classification, quantitative research, the combination of qualitative and quantitative research successively as well as the characteristics of each research stage were summarized. In addition, the current problems existing in the characterization methods of shale reservoir space were also analyzed. Furthermore, based on massive actual detection of typical core samples obtained from more than 50 global shale gas wells and relevant practical experience, a comprehensive characterization method of combining qualitative with the semi-quantitative characterization was put forward. In detail, the indicators of the qualitative characterization include pore combination type and organic-matter microscopic morphology type, while the core elements of the semi-quantitative characterization include the percentage of the organic-matter area and the plane porosity of the pores of different types. Based on the reference of the naming and classification of rocks, the three-end-member diagram method was used to characterize microscopic shale reservoir space. This is achieved by plotting the three end-member diagram of 3 kinds of first-order critical reservoir spaces, i.e., organic-matter pores, matrix pores, and micro-fractures, in order to intuitively present the features of the microscopic pore combination. Meanwhile, statistic histograms of organic-matter microscopic morphology type and the plane porosity of different types of pores were adopted to characterize the development degree of second-order pores quantitatively. By this comprehensive characterization method, the importance of both pore combination and the microscopic morphology of organic matter were emphasized, revealing the control of organic-matter microscopic morphology over the organic-matter pores. What is more, high-resolution FE-SEM was adopted to obtain semi-quantitative statistics results. In this way, the features of pore development and pore combination were quantified, not only reflecting the types and storage capacity of the microscopic shale reservoir space, but also presenting the hydrocarbon-generating potential of organic matter in shale. Therefore, the results of this research are capable of providing in-depth microscopic information for the assessment and exploration and development of shale gas resources.  相似文献   

Olivine intergranular plasticity at mantle pressures and temperatures     

Paul Raterron  Caroline Bollinger  Sébastien Merkel 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2019,351(2-3):80-85

The ductile behavior of olivine-rich rocks is critical to constrain thermal convection in the Earth's upper mantle. Classical olivine flow laws for dislocation or diffusion creep fail to explain the fast post-seismic surface displacements observed by GPS, which requires a much weaker lithosphere than predicted by classical laws. Here we compare the plasticity of olivine aggregates deformed experimentally at mantle pressures and temperatures to that of single crystals and demonstrate that, depending on conditions of stress and temperature, strain accommodated through grain-to-grain interactions – here called intergranular strain – can be orders of magnitude larger than intracrystalline strain, which significantly weakens olivine strength. This result, extrapolated along mantle geotherms, suggests that intergranular plasticity could be dominant in most of the upper mantle. Consequently, the strength of olivine-rich aggregates in the upper mantle may be significantly lower than predicted by flow laws based on intracrystalline plasticity models.  相似文献   

美国海岸带自然资源与生态损害评估及修复工作对中国的启示   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

蒋成竹  吴林强  徐晶晶  段晓勇  杜晓敏  张涛 《地质通报》2019,38(11):1912-1919

海岸带是位于海陆结合部的复杂环境系统,是人类活动最集中的地区。中国大陆海岸线约18000km,涉及沿海11个省,由于经济社会高速发展,海岸带地区的人口、资源、环境矛盾日益突出,面临海岸带资源无序开发、水土污染、滨海湿地退化、海岸侵蚀、地面沉降等一系列生态环境与灾害地质问题,已成为影响生态文明建设的主要问题之一。因此中国持续加大海岸带生态环境保护力度,并提出实施重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程、强化湿地保护和修复等政策措施。美国国家海洋和大气管理局主导的海岸带损害评估及修复计划已实施了近30年,并取得了显著效果,其完善的法律制度体系、规范的损害评估和修复程序、数据集成管理和共享应用等成功经验值得学习借鉴。建议加快完善中国海岸带生态环境损害评估与修复的技术方法体系和制度体系、有序开展海岸带自然资源和生态环境调查、加强海岸带及滨海湿地等重要生态系统的演化和修复技术研究与示范,并构建统一的海岸带基础调查数据库、建立海岸带监测预警体系。  相似文献   

美国的"都市区域主义"及其引发的思考   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吴超  魏清泉 《地域研究与开发》2005,24(1):6-11

1990年以来在西方国家掀起了"都市区域主义"复兴的热潮,美国的实践具有代表性。文章批判地总结了美国历史上"都市区域主义"的发展,从多个角度对当前大都市区域合作的复兴和区域管治进行分析,并对其引发的思考和对中国的启示进行了探讨。  相似文献   

美国西部近8000年来树木年轮重建降雨量序列中的气候突变   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

谷湘潜  江剑民  Roy MENDELSSOHN 《地理学报(英文版)》2005,15(3):259-272

1 IntroductionThe U niversity of A rizona Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research collected tree-ring sam ples from anum ber of long-lived trees, dating back thousands of years, from eight states in the w esternU nited States. H ughes and G raum lich (1996) pres…  相似文献   

我国右江盆地与美国“大盆地”卡林型金矿对比研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

黄庆文  刘苏桥  丁龙 《矿产与地质》2009,23(3):193-203

系统的成矿背景、矿床地质特征、成矿流体和成矿物质示踪、成矿时代和成矿模式的对比研究,表明美国"大盆地"与我国右江盆地(滇黔桂"金三角")卡林型金矿存在许多相似之处.包括:(1)矿集区均位于某一盆地范围内,大地构造演化史类似,均经历了大陆裂解→被动大陆边缘沉积→挤压造山→伸展变形等过程.成矿发生在造山后的伸展阶段;(2)矿床成带分布和聚集,容矿岩石以含钙质沉积岩为特征,与岩浆岩没有成因联系,同生正断层和构造高点是重要的控矿构造;(3)成矿作用相似,热液蚀变具特征的去碳酸盐化,含砷黄铁矿是主要的载金矿物,金以显微-次显微状赋存于黄铁矿的富砷环带中;(4)成矿流体具中低温,偏还原,弱酸性的特点,同位素示踪表明流体和物质来源比较复杂,没有单一的来源;(5)矿集区内矿床形成于一个很短的时间段内,表明矿床的形成受控于统一的动力学背景;(6)均缺乏一个被广泛认同的成矿模式.同时,两地的卡林型矿床也存在若干差异:①成矿前的构造背景复杂程度不一样;②赋矿地层层位不一样;③成矿时代不同;④成矿模式中关注的重点不同.根据两国卡林型金矿对比的结果,认为我国滇黔桂"金三角"仍有很大的找矿潜力.成矿时代、成矿流体来源、成矿地球动力学背景以及成矿模式仍将是今后研究的主要方向.  相似文献   

A new extinct genus of Glandulariini with two species from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)     

《Cretaceous Research》2017

The Glandulariini (=Cyrtoscydmini) is today the largest, most species-rich and most diverse tribe of Scydmaeninae comprising over 70% of the extant species of this subfamily. Named genera and species of Glandulariini are known mostly from Miocene to Eocene ambers, with only one, recently described Mesozoic taxon. Here we report the second genus of Glandulariini from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber, Cenomaniola Jałoszyński and Yamamoto, gen. nov., with two species, C. carinata Jałoszyński and Yamamoto, sp. nov. and C. macrophthalma Jałoszyński and Yamamoto, sp. nov. Cenomaniola shows the general body plan typical of the ‘Euconnus complex’ within Glandulariini, with thick bristles on the sides of head and pronotum, a character conserved for nearly a hundred million years. With the previous discovery of Scydmobisetia Jałoszyński and Yamamoto, two major body forms typical of the extant Glandulariini are already proved to have differentiated in or before the Late Cretaceous. This demonstrates early origins and a long conservation of ‘Euconnus-like’ and ‘Sciacharis/Horaeomorphus-like’ body plan in the currently largest group among Scydmaeninae.  相似文献   

Holocene flood histories in south‐western USA     

Tessa Harden  Mark G. Macklin  Victor R. Baker 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(6):707-716

River basins in south‐western USA are some of the most extensively studied arid land fluvial systems in the world. Since the early 1960s their hydro‐climatic histories have been reconstructed from the analysis of alluvial cut‐and‐fill cycles, while from the late 1970s there have been investigations of slackwater deposits and palaeostage indicators for large floods in stable‐boundary bedrock reaches. However, no studies have regionally integrated Holocene fluvial histories from these two different types of fluvial environments. The current study combines the alluvial archive with flood records from bedrock reaches to generate a probability‐based 12,000 year record of flooding in south‐western USA. Using more than 700 ¹⁴C‐dated fluvial units, the analysis produces a high resolution (centennial) flood record. Seven episodes of increased flooding occurred at 11,250–10,400, 8800–8350, 8230–7600, 6700–5700, 5600–4820, 4550–3320 and 2000–0 cal. BP. Bedrock reaches are found to record more frequent floods during the middle to late Holocene, while in alluvial rivers more flood units are dated to the early and middle Holocene. These differences are primarily the result of selective preservation with alluvial reaches tending to erode during periods characterised by very large floods. Episodes of major Holocene flooding recorded in slackwater deposits within bedrock systems correspond with periods of increased precipitation in the region and lower temperatures. In contrast, within alluvial rivers above‐average flooding probabilities, as well as regionally extensive channel entrenchment episodes, match with reduced annual precipitation and lower temperatures. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the value of the Holocene fluvial archive for reconstructing regional, short‐term hydro‐climatic change in south‐western USA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

GIS-based analysis of foundation repairs and soil conditions in the Dallas-Fort Worth region,Texas     

Harry F. L. Williams 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(5):919-928

The Dallas-Fort Worth region is subject to a severe expansive soils hazard, resulting in costly damage to many thousands of residential foundations each year. A GIS is used to examine relationships between a sample of approximately 10,000 foundation repair addresses and geologic and soil conditions. The study results show that foundation repairs are concentrated in areas underlain by bedrock, surficial deposits and soils that promote high shrink–swell potentials. A linear extensibility index, designed as an index of overall shrink–swell potential explains about 48% of the variation in the prevalence of repairs. Repairs are concentrated on soils that underlay many areas of new urban growth in the DFW region, suggesting that the incidence of foundation repairs in these areas will probably increase in the future. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献