Incremental growth of a large volume,chemically zoned magma body: a study of the tephra sequence beneath the Rainier Mesa ash flow sheet of the Timber Mountain Tuff     

Kristin T. Huysken  Thomas A. Vogel  Paul W. Layer 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1994,56(5):377-385

The Rainier Mesa ash-flow is a large (1200 km³), 11.6 My old, chemically zoned unit that ranges in composition from 55 to 76% SiO₂ — one of the largest chemical ranges ever observed in a large volume ash-flow sheet. Two chemical trends occur in this sheet, a low silica (55–66% SiO₂) and a high silica (>66% SiO₂) trend. Ninety per cent of the Rainier Mesa sheet occurs in the high silica trend. Immediately beneath the Rainier Mesa sheet is a thick tephra sequence. The chemical variation of this sequence is nearly equivalent to the high silica portion of the Rainier Mesa ash-flow sheet (about 66–78% SiO₂). Throughout the tephra sequence numerous small ash-flow layers occur, and each ash-flow layer is chemically zoned from more evolved at the base to less evolved at the top. This is consistent with having been erupted from a zoned magma body. The lowest silica tephra units are at the base of the sequence and the highest silica units are at the top — that is, the large-scale chemical trend of the entire sequence is opposite to that of the individual ash-flow layers. These ash-flow layers are of very small volume. The tephra sequence provides a unique record of the incremental development of the zoned, high silica portion of the Rainier Mesa magma body.  相似文献   

西昆仑山大红柳滩断裂一线的新生代熔岩被及其地质意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

漆树基 《新疆地质》1989,(2)

沿西昆仑山大红柳滩断裂有三处新生代溶岩被,其岩性主要为中—基性喷出岩,形成时代分别为上新世及晚更新世.火山机体呈串珠状沿断裂展布,属陆相中心式喷发类型.各处的喷发次数、喷发强度、喷发性质、岩石化学特征既有共同的特点,也有明显的差异.这些特征与康西瓦深断裂东段的乌鲁克库勒地区及东昆仑南缘深断裂的黑石湖、鲸鱼湖地区的新生代火山活动特征完全可以对比.新生代以来,由于印度板块与欧亚板块强烈碰撞,使青藏高原急剧抬升,高原内部构造进一步复杂化,同时,使大红柳滩断裂产生了近50km的水平位移,形成当今的状况.  相似文献   

Limited modification of mid-latitude landscapes by ice sheets: The case of northeast Scotland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Adrian M. Hall  David E. Sugden 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1987,12(5):531-542

The paper uses a case study in Scotland to examine the amount and processes of landscape modification by Quaternary ice sheets. There is an inverse correlation between the distribution of landforms of glacial erosion and pre-glacial landscape remnants in northeast Scotland. The implication is that in places ice sheets can preserve a pre-glacial landscape unscathed, while elsewhere they remove the pre-glacial weathered rock. The location of glacial protection or erosion is strongly influenced by the topography and its influence on former ice sheet flow and basal thermal regime. The classic glacially eroded landscape of areal scouring can be produced by the removal of only 10–50 m of weathered rock. Furthermore rock basins, often regarded as the hallmark of glacial erosion, may be directly inherited from the pre-glacial pattern of deep weathering.  相似文献   

From alkali basalt to phonolite in hand-size samples: vapor-differentiation effects in the Bouzentès lava flow (Cantal, France)     

Martial Caroff  Ccile Ambrics  RenC. Maury  Joseph Cotten 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1997,79(1-2)

The Bouzentès lava flow is a 20-m-thick alkali basalt flow emplaced during the last stage of formation of the Cantal stratovolcano at 4.2 Ma. Its upper part has 1- to 20-cm-thick vesicle-rich segregation sheets which recur every 0.1–2 m. These horizontal veins are hawaiitic in composition. They are characterized by hypertrophic development of their minerals (‘pegmatoids’) and by glassy phonolitic segregation vesicles. Internal differentiation within the Bouzentès lava flow was triggered by an unusually high water content, as suggested by pre-emptive iddingsite alteration of olivine phenocrysts. The proposed model of formation of the segregation sheets includes the upward motion of diapirs of residual melt plus addition of vapor from the bottom of the central liquid lens to the base of the upper solidified crust of the cooling lava flow. Olivine settling appears to have been inhibited or at least retarded by upward migration of melt plus vesicles. Most of the features observed in Bouzentès recall the internal differentiation processes usually described within thick Hawaiian lava lakes. The segregation vesicles are believed to result from an increase of gas solubility in residual melt during the crystallization process.  相似文献   

青藏高原有无大冰盖之争的现状   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郑本兴  焦克勤 《地质论评》1995,41(2):127-134

青藏高原有无大冰盖之争始于２０世纪初，至今已达８０余年。争论包括有无覆盖整个高原的大冰盖和有无局部小冰盖，以及它的形成年代，对便于气候变化的影响，可分为三个阶段：２０世纪初至４０年代，以少数西方探险家为主，论据不足，难于形讨论；从５０年代至７０年代，以中国学者为主的没有大冰盖论占绝对优势；８０年代至今中外学者众多、文献数百篇，是大争论的高潮，预示不久的将来，争论将逐渐平息，出现新的青藏高原科研热，  相似文献   

末次盛冰期冰盖对全球季风活动的非对称性影响     

曹剑  吴立广 《气象科学》2016,36(4):425-435

将新研发的南京信息工程大学地球系统模式(NUIST Earth System Model version 1,NESM1)首次应用于古气候模拟中,在Paleoclmate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase III(PMIP3)框架下设计了工业革命前(Pre-industrial,PI)、末次盛冰期(Last Glacial Maximum,LGM)和增加大陆冰盖(Ice sheets,IS)试验,验证了模式对工业革命前气候和LGM时期气候的模拟能力,并通过增加大陆冰盖试验分析了其对全球季风活动的非对称性影响。结果表明:与PI时期相比,LGM时期的温度和降水均有显著改变。其中,全球平均温度比PI时期降低了4.7℃,全球平均降水减少了0.3 mm·d~(-1),降水对温度变化的敏感性约2.3%·℃~(-1),这与其他耦合模式结果一致。末次盛冰期大陆冰盖对其气候变化有重要贡献,冰盖引起的地表反照率改变与地形抬升作用导致全球平均气温下降1.2℃,降水量减少0.06 mm·d~(-1)。进一步分析表明,末次盛冰期冰盖对全球气候的影响还具有显著南北半球差异,所导致的温度降低和降水减少主要集中在北半球,其中北半球的降温更是高达南半球的5倍;引起北半球季风区年平均降水减少0.24 mm·d~(-1),降水年较差减小0.34 mm·d~(-1),而南半球变化很小。这是由于北半球大幅降温导致的低层水汽含量减小,并与大陆冰盖引起的欧洲大陆和北美大陆反气旋环流共同作用而影响季风活动。在夏季,减少的低层水汽含量与减弱的季风环流使夏季降水显著减少;而在冬季,加强的季风环流能部分抵消水汽含量减小的作用,故冬季降水稍微减弱。此外,在欧洲大陆和北美大陆附近对流层低层反气旋环流作用下,导致亚欧和北美季风活动区域减小。  相似文献   

Vesicle layering in solidified intrusive magma bodies: a newly recognized type of igneous structure     

Atsushi Toramaru  Akira Ishiwatari  Maki Matsuzawa  Masaru Nakamura  Shoji Arai 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,58(5):393-400

 We report a novel type of layering structure in igneous rocks. The layering structure in the Ogi picrite sill in Sado Island, Japan, is spatially periodic, and appears to be caused by the variation in vesicle volume fraction. The gas phase forming the vesicles apparently exsolved from the interstitial melt at the final stage of solidification of the magma body. We call this type of layering caused by periodic vesiculation in the solidifying magma body "vesicle layering." The presence of vesicle layering in other basic igneous bodies (pillow lava at Ogi and dolerite sill at Atsumi, Japan) implies that it may be a fairly common igneous feature. The width of individual layers slightly, but regularly, increases with distance from the upper contact. The layering plane is perpendicular to the long axes of columnar joints, regardless of gravitational direction, suggesting that the formation of vesicles is mainly controlled by the temperature distribution in the cooling magma body. We propose a model of formation of vesicle layering which is basically the same as that for Liesegang rings. The interplay between the diffusion of heat and magmatic volatiles in melt, and the sudden vesiculation upon supersaturation, both play important roles. Received: 15 February 1996 / Accepted: 24 June 1996  相似文献   

Electron transfer from sulfate-reducing becteria biofilm promoted by reduced graphene sheets     

����  �Ŷ�  ����  ��Ѽ� 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2012,30(1):12-15

Reduced graphene sheets (RGSs) mediate electron transfer between sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and solid electrodes, and promote the development of microbial fuel cells (MFC). We have investigated RSG-promoted electron transfer between SRB and a glassy carbon (GC) electrode. The RGSs were produced at high yield by a chemical sequence involving graphite oxidation, ultrasonic exfoliation of nanosheets, and N2H4 reduction. Cyclic voltammetric testing showed that the characteristic anodic peaks (around 0.3 V) might arise from the combination of bacterial membrane surface cytochrome c3 and the metabolic products of SRB. After 6 d, another anodic wave gradually increased to a maximum current peak and a third anodic signal became visible at around 0 V. The enhancements of two characteristic anodic peaks suggest that RSGs mediate electron-transfer kinetics between bacteria and the solid electrode. Manipulation of these recently-discovered electron-transport mechanisms will lead to significant advances in MFC engineering.  相似文献   

引力场中磁场重联的数值研究(IV)多层电流片          下载免费PDF全文

王小虎  郑惠南  王水 《地球物理学报》1999,(1)

应用数值方法研究了日冕多层电流片中电阻撕裂模不稳定性的非线性演化和磁场重联过程,结果表明,计算区域顶部附近两侧电流片中的磁岛和等离子体团向上抛射,并携出大量的磁能和热能;中心电流片中的磁岛向下运动,逐渐演变成底部含有３个磁闭合区的冕流结构。进而在中心电流片中再次发生磁场重联,多次形成向下运动的小型磁岛,并与底部磁闭合区发生结合不稳定性。同时在磁闭合区中也有磁场重联发生,导致中心小磁闭合区的湮灭。初始电流片之间的距离趋近,上述演化过程越快。日冕多层电流片中的磁场重联过程可能对日冕物质抛射和日冕加热有着重要影响。  相似文献   

Holocene temperature trends in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere based on inter‐model comparisons          下载免费PDF全文

Yurui Zhang  Hans Renssen  Heikki Seppä  Paul J. Valdes 《第四纪科学杂志》2018,33(4):464-476

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