Lessons learned from the 2013 Calgary flood: Assessing risk of drinking water well contamination     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2017

A devastating flood occurred in southern Alberta on June 19, 2013, from greater than normal snowfalls in the Rocky Mountains and excess precipitation during the early spring that left soils saturated and unable to absorb any additional precipitation. This flood was Canada's most costly natural disaster, with five to six billion Canadian dollars in damages. The first objective of this study was to determine if the flood caused an increase in private drinking water well contamination in the Calgary Health Zone by comparing contamination rates to previous years. The second objective was to determine which environmental factors were associated with contamination during this flood event. Test results of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) of private water wells were used to determine contamination. A geographically weighted Poisson regression analysis suggested that TC contamination was not associated with this flood. The EC contamination is positively associated with floodways, flood fringe, farms, and negatively associated with intermittent water (sloughs). These results suggest that for the 2013 flood, individual well characteristics are more important than surrounding geographic features. Thus, it is recommended that homeowners who live in a high-risk area ensure their wells are properly maintained to reduce risk of water well contamination.  相似文献   

Application of desingularized approach to water wave propagation over three-dimensional topography   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

X.T. Zhang  B.C. Khoo  J. Lou 《Ocean Engineering》2007,34(10):1449-1458

A numerical approach based on desingularized boundary element method and mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation [Zhang et al., 2006. Wave propagation in a fully nonlinear numerical wave tank: a desingularized method. Ocean Engineering 33, 2310–2331] is extended to solve the water wave propagation over arbitrary topography in a three-dimensional wave tank. A robust damping layer applicable for regular and irregular incident waves is employed to minimize the outgoing wave reflection back into the wave tank. Numerical results on the propagation of regular and irregular incident waves over the flat bottom and linear incident waves over an elliptical shoal show good concurrence with the corresponding analytical solutions and experimental data.  相似文献   

Computation of wet deck bow slam loads for catamaran arched cross sections     

Michael R.  James R. 《Ocean Engineering》2007,34(17-18):2265-2276

A computational model for catamaran wet deck slamming is developed on the basis of the variation of added mass as the hulls enter the water. In the case of a wave-piercing catamaran the bow cross section has a double arch cross section and slamming occurs when the arches fill. Residual air is entrained at the top of the arch due to bubble formation by turbulent mixing and this modifies the effect of the water added mass on the hull. The computational model therefore introduces a soft connection between the water added mass associated with the slam and the hull. The method has been evaluated by comparison with two-dimensional model drop tests in terms of the maximum forces and acceleration imposed on the hull, the variation of velocity during the slam event and the depth of penetration into the water. It is concluded that the added mass computation is adequate for slam modelling in global motions and loads calculations since it gives a good representation of the maximum total forces on the section and their duration.  相似文献   

水-汽离子通量的顾函数计算值     

顾宏堪 《海洋与湖沼》1996,27(1):98-102

作者近十年来在研究痕量金属离子的水-汽界面转移时，发现宏观热力学无法解释转移机制，而微观量子化学及键参数与离子转移浓度之间，却存在函数关系——顾函数。即水蒸发时水汽带出的Zn2+等离子浓度C（μg／L），正相关于比电子亲和常数IZ／Z（eV）（与水合力相关），负相关于离子体积V（3）及配位数N（与水合数相关）。本研究运用顾函数方法进行水-汽离子通量（F）计算，结果表明，世界海洋的F=C×0．35（1012g/a），黄海的F=C×0．42（109g/a），揭示了自然规律。水汽化学离子浓度测定的可靠性，已由生物毒性实验证实。  相似文献   

Spring–summer cycling of DOC, DON and inorganic N in a highly seasonal system encompassing the Northeast Water Polynya, 1993     

Annelie Skoog  Ruben Lara  Gerhard Kattner 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2001,48(12):217

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic nutrient concentrations were determined in samples from an area encompassing the Northeast Water Polynya from June to August 1993. In June, still ice-covered polynya area surface waters (PySW) had significantly higher (p<0.05) DOC concentrations (110 μM, n=68) than surface water outside the polynya area (96 μM, n=6). Melting ice and ice algae are suggested as DOC sources. DOC concentrations found in this study are consistent with other studies showing higher DOC concentrations in the Arctic than in other ocean areas. As the productive season progressed, DOC concentrations in Polynya surface water (PySW) decreased (p<0.05) from 110 to 105 μM, while DON concentrations increased (p<0.05) from 5.6 to 6.1 μM, causing a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the C : N ratios of DOM from spring (C : N ratio 20) to summer (C : N ratio 17). We found a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the DOM C : N ratio in all water masses within the polynya area as the productive season progressed. DON was the largest fraction of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in PySW and surface waters outside the polynya area. TDN was calculated as the sum of DON, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium concentrations. DON increased (p<0.05) from 62% to 73% of TDN in PySW from spring to summer, a result of increasing DON concentrations and decreasing inorganic nitrogen concentrations over the productive season. The seasonal accumulation of DON and the corresponding decrease in nitrate concentrations in waters with primary production indicate that it is important to take the DON pool into account when estimating export production from nitrate concentration decreases in surface waters. PySW TDN concentrations decreased (p<0.05) from 9.1 (n=61) to 8.6 μM (n=60) from spring (May 25 through June 19) to summer (July 1 through July 27). The seasonal decrease in surface water TDN concentrations corresponded to increases in TDN concentrations in deeper water masses within the Polynya. Most of the TDN increase in deep water was in the form of DON. A possible explanation is that PON was dissolved (partially remineralized) in the water column at mid depths, causing increases in the DON concentration. Transfer of N from PySW (with a short residence time in the polynya area) to Polynya Intermediate Water and deep waters of the Norske and Westwind Trough with multi-year residence times keeps N from leaving the polynya area. In spring, nutrients from degradation of OM in PyIW could support primary production. The role of PyIW as an OM trap could be important in supporting primary production in the polynya area.  相似文献   

综合治水,开发青岛的新水源     

刘洪滨 《海岸工程》1996,15(1):39-45

扼要论述了青岛市水资源面临短缺的严重形势，认为解决青岛地区水危机仅靠传统开发水资源方式已很困难，必需积极利用青岛的科技、资源优势，开发新水源。  相似文献   

长江口邻近海域夏、冬季水文特征分析     

唐晓晖  王凡 《海洋科学集刊》2004,46(46):42-66

长江冲淡水和台湾流是我国陆架海上两个重要的海洋现象。二者在长江口邻近海域交汇并相互制约，其分布和变化控制着该地区的温盐、环流结构，也影响着长江径流所携带的泥沙、营养盐等物质向外海的扩散和输运，以及舟山渔场的形成和变化。 长江每年以巨量径流注入东海，在长江口外形成一股很强的冲淡水，以低盐、高营养盐、高悬浮体含量为特征。毛汉礼等(1963)首先对长江冲淡水的扩散与混合特征作了系统的描述，并指出，冬季长江冲淡水沿岸南下，其范围仅限于贴岸的一狭带内；夏则在径流入海后不久转向东北，直指济州岛方向，到达对马海峡。众多学者通过资料分析、理论研究和数值模拟等探讨了长江冲淡水转向的原因，认为主要影响因素有长江径流量、地形效应、海面风应力、斜压效应、台湾曖流的顶托，以及黄海冷水团的诱导作用等(乐肯堂，1984；崔茂常，1984；顾玉荷，1985；王从敏，1986；赵保仁，1991；朱建荣，1998)，但至今对其转向机制的认识尚不一致。 台湾暖流水起源于台湾海峡和黑潮，是具有高盐、低悬浮体含量特征的大洋水体。翁学传等(1983，1984)研究认为，具有高温和次高盐特征的台湾暖流表层水同时起源于台湾海峡水和黑潮表层水，而具有高盐特征的深层水只来源于由台湾东北部入侵陆架的黑潮次表层水；翁学传(1983)还根据历史资料分析指出，夏季台湾暖流表层水的前锋大体沿着123°E可以伸展到31°N，深层水进一步延伸至31°N以北；且深层水在28°N和30°N断面并不终年存在，仅存于夏半年。王凡等(2001)的分析结果则显示，台湾暖流表层水和深层水在夏季可以在次表层北侵至30°N以北海域，而以深层水特点为主的台湾暖流水在冬季和晚秋甚至可在整个深度上伸展至30°N以北。总之，对台湾暖流水在不同季节、不同层次的北侵程度方面还存在着不同看法。 为深入研究长江口邻近海域的物质通量、扩散、传输和输运规律，中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目“中国主要河口及邻近陆架海域陆海相互作用”于2001年7-8月和2002年1月在长江口外28°~32°N、124°E以西海域组织了两次多学科综合考察。作者首先根据这两次考察获得的温盐深观测仪(CTD)观测到的温盐资料和声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADP、ADCP)流速资料,分析该年夏、冬季长江口邻近海域的水文特征。考虑到调查海域有较强的年际变动，从年际变化的角度来更深刻地认识夏、冬季长江口邻近海域的水文特征，以及长江冲淡水与台湾暖流水的关系是很有必要的。为此，作者收集了1987~2001年其他项目3个夏季航次和2个冬季航次的温盐资料，以及1958~1982年标准断面历史资料，与最近2次观测资料相结合，综合分析研究了长江口邻近海域夏、冬季水文特征和变化情况，为今后更进一步开展此项研究提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

长江冲淡水与邻近海域生态环境的关系     

张庆华  董昌明 《海洋科学进展》1993,(3)

基于实测资料和已有的理论结果,我们首先讨论了不同季节长江淡水的路径,还涉及了长江冲淡水对生态环境,特别对生物赖以生存的有机盐分布的影响。  相似文献   

Hydrography of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review   总被引：3，自引：10，他引：3  

Paul C. Fiedler  Lynne D. Talley 《Progress in Oceanography》2006,69(2-4):143

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Improvement on open boundaries on a time dependent numerical model of wave propagation in the nearshore region     

F. S. B. F. Oliveira   《Ocean Engineering》2001,28(1)

An improvement on the simulation of outgoing waves on a time dependent numerical model for water wave propagation in the nearshore region is presented. The governing equations consist of a system of first order partial differential equations (PDEs), the equation of continuity and the equation of motion. A comparative study of first order radiation boundary conditions (BCs) and first order radiation BCs combined with sponge layers is presented for cases where outgoing waves leave the numerical domain of calculation through the open boundary. A reduction of spurious reflections from the numerical open boundaries can be obtained with an irrelevant increase in terms of computational cost.  相似文献