砂岩储层中原油微生物降解的模拟实验研究   总被引：22，自引：2，他引：22  

陈传平  梅博文 《沉积学报》1997,15(1):135-140

模拟辽河冷东-雷家地区的砂砾岩储层条件，采用该地区的正常原油，在３０℃恒温和充氧下以及有营养元素的水溶液中，进行了原油喜氧微生物降解实验。实验表明，经微生物降解后，原油的化学组成发生了较大变化，饱和烃含量下降，沥青质、非烃含量上升；水溶液的ｐＨ值下降，并在其中检测出了有机酸，可见在微生物的代谢过程中，原油中的烃类分子被部分转化为水溶性含氧酸性产物。降解实验的油样与取自同一地区的两个重质原油饱和烃气相色谱图比较，两者在组成上极其相近，其结果说明辽河油田的重油成因，是原油遭受了喜氧微生物的降解。实验对微生物降解过程的动力学进行了初步研究。微生物对饱和烃馏分中不同化合物的降解序列为:短链正构烷烃、长链正构烷烃、异构烷烃、环状烷烃。但当各组分间的浓度发生较大变化时，降解序列会有所不同。  相似文献   

南、北极近岸海水中好氧不产氧光合基因pufM的多样性     

曾胤新  董培艳  乔宗赟  郑天凌 《海洋学报(英文版)》2016,35(6):68-77

好氧不产氧光合(AAP)细菌因其具有利用溶解性有机物及光能的能力,在海洋碳循环及能量流动中发挥着重要的作用。该类细菌广泛分布在海洋环境中,其在不同生境中的多样性已被调查。但到目前为止,人们对于高纬度地区好氧不产氧光合细菌的认识还较为缺乏。有鉴于此,本研究基于编码光反应复合物上一个色素结合蛋白亚基的pufM基因,对北极王湾及南极乔治王岛近岸水体中夏季好氧不产氧光合细菌的多样性进行了检测。针对2个王湾站位和2个南极麦克斯维尔湾站位构建了4个pufM基因克隆文库,获得674个阳性克隆子。北极克隆子全部由α-变形细菌组成,而南极克隆子则包括α-变形细菌及β-变形细菌。来源于类似红细菌科的pufM基因在所有样品中皆占据优势。此外,与一株滴状亚硫酸盐杆菌中质粒编码的pufM基因存在亲缘关系的序列,在南、北极样品中均占优势。结果表明海洋环境中的pufM基因存在跨极甚至是环球分布。与此同时,南、北极序列之间的差异,也表明了极地地方种的存在。这些结果显示,作为好氧不产氧光合细菌的红细菌科在两极的近岸水体中具有重要的地位。  相似文献   

透射电镜技术在好氧污泥颗粒超微结构研究中的应用     

刘晓云  王琳  林跃梅 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2006,36(5):817-820

利用透射电镜观察研究SBR反应器中的好氧污泥颗粒。结果显示,不同成熟度的好氧污泥颗粒呈现不同的超微结构特征:成熟度高的污泥颗粒中细菌的微群落化程度高,细菌密度大,颗粒中富含构成细菌之间及微群落之间连接结构的胞外多聚物。而在成熟度低的污泥颗粒中细菌微群落化程度较低,细菌密度相对较小,构成菌间及微群落之间连接的胞外多聚物结构松散或缺失;以电镜钌红染色技术标记好氧污泥颗粒中的多糖,显示了好氧污泥颗粒中多糖的分布与结构特点,为进一步研究污泥颗粒的形成机制、多糖对污泥颗粒稳定性和沉降性能的作用机理提供了形态学依据。  相似文献   

The effects of semi-lunar spring and neap tidal change on nitrification, denitrification and N₂O vertical distribution in the intertidal sediments of the Yangtze estuary, China   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

L.J. Hou  M. Liu  S.Y. Xu  D.N. Ou  J. Yu  S.B. Cheng  X. Lin  Y. Yang 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,73(3-4):607-616

To explore the influences of semi-lunar spring and neap tidal changes on nitrogen cycling in intertidal sediments, a comparative study among waterlogged, desiccated and reflooded systems was carried out in August 2005 and February 2006 by analyzing nitrification, denitrification and N₂O depth profiles in the intertidal flats of the Yangtze estuary. Laboratory experiments showed that alternating emersion and inundation resulted in the significant changes in nitrification and denitrification rates in the intertidal sediment systems. Due to the desiccation-related effects, lowest nitrification and denitrification rates were observed in the desiccated sediment cores. Highest nitrification and denitrification rates were however detected in the waterlogged and reflooded systems, respectively. It is hypothesized that the highest nitrification rates in the waterlogged sediments were mainly attributed to higher nitrifier numbers and NH₄⁺ being more available, whereas the availability of NO₃⁻ might dominate denitrification in the reflooded sediments. In addition, the highest N₂O concentrations were detected in the reflooded sediment cores, and the lowest found in the dried sediment cores. It was also shown that N₂O in the intertidal sediments was mainly from nitrification under the desiccated condition. In contrast, N₂O in the intertidal sediments was produced mainly via denitrification under the waterlogged and reflooded conditions. It is therefore concluded that the semi-lunar tidal cycle has a significant influence on nitrification, denitrification and N₂O production in the intertidal sediment systems.  相似文献   

Modelling the effects and economics of managed realignment on the cycling and storage of nutrients, carbon and sediments in the Blackwater estuary UK     

D. Shepherd  D. Burgess  T. Jickells  J. Andrews  R. Cave  R.K. Turner  J. Aldridge  E.R. Parker  E. Young   《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,73(3-4):355-367

A hydrodynamic model is developed for the Blackwater estuary (UK) and used to estimate nitrate removal by denitrification. Using the model, sediment analysis and estimates of sedimentation rates, we estimate changes in estuarine denitrification and intertidal carbon and nutrient storage and associated value of habitat created under a scenario of extensive managed realignment. We then use this information, together with engineering and land costs, to conduct a cost benefit analysis of the managed realignment. This demonstrates that over a 50–100 year timescale the value of the habitat created and carbon buried is sufficient to make the large scale managed realignment cost effective. The analysis reveals that carbon and nutrient storage plus habitat creation represent major and quantifiable benefits of realignment. The methodology described here can be readily transferred to other coastal systems.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the N₂ flux approach for measuring sediment denitrification   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Robert Hamersley  Brian L. Howes 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2005,62(4):711-723

Direct gas chromatographic measurement of denitrification rates via N₂ fluxes from aquatic sediments can avoid some of the artifacts and complexities associated with indirect approaches and tracer techniques. However, measurement protocols have typically been determined based upon initial results or previous studies. We present a process-level study and simulation model for evaluating and optimizing N₂ gas flux approaches in closed chamber incubations. Experimental manipulations and simulations of both artificial and natural sediments were used to conduct sensitivity analyses of key design parameters in N₂ flux measurements. Experimental results indicated that depletion of labile organic matter during the long incubations required by common protocols (for diffusive off-gassing of porewater N₂) may result in underestimates of denitrification rates in some systems. Simulations showed that the required incubation time was primarily a function of sediment thickness. The best approach found to minimize incubation time and reduce errors was to select the minimum sediment thickness necessary to include the entire depth distribution of nitrification–denitrification for a particular sediment system. Attempts to increase measurement sensitivity and shorten incubation times by reducing the headspace thickness to 1–2 cm generally cause denitrification to be underestimated by 3–13% for gas headspaces, and up to 80% for water headspaces. However, errors were negligible with gas and water headspace thicknesses of 10 cm and 15 cm, respectively. Anaerobic cores to control for non-denitrification N₂ fluxes shortened incubation time, but introduced artifacts in sediments with extensive macrofaunal irrigation.  相似文献   

好氧反硝化反应器中微生物群落的碳代谢特征     

江玉立  黄志涛  宋协法  陈钊 《海洋与湖沼》2018,49(2):331-339

本文采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术,分析了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)5、6、7h和进水硝酸盐(NO3ˉ-N)浓度50、100、150mg/L时,好氧反硝化反应器微生物群落结构和代谢功能特征。研究结果表明:在同一进水硝酸盐浓度下,水力停留时间越长,微生物代谢活性越强(P0.05);在同一水力停留时间下,不同进水NO3ˉ-N浓度下微生物平均吸光值(用平均颜色变化率AWCD指示)的大小顺序为50150100mg/L(P0.05),说明进水NO3ˉ-N浓度对微生物代谢活性有一定影响。反应器内微生物对不同碳源的代谢利用由强到弱的顺序是:多聚物氨基类碳水化合物羧酸类胺类酚酸类。不同处理组的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数、Mc Intosh指数相互之间差异显著(P0.05),其中HRT为7h、NO3ˉ-N为150mg/L以上处理组微生物多样性指数最高。本实验采用Biolog-ECO板来分析在好氧反硝化反应器中微生物的群落代谢特征,研究结果可为通过碳源调节生物滤池水处理效果提供科学依据,以此提高水处理效率。  相似文献   

洛美沙星和诺氟沙星对水中生物反硝化过程的影响模拟试验     

张玉叶  何江涛  邓璐  邹华  张金刚  杨美萍 《地学前缘》2022,29(5):497-507

近年来水环境中硝酸盐污染与抗生素污染的现象引起了人们的广泛关注,但目前复合抗生素污染对反硝化过程产生的影响并不明确。本研究以水环境中检出率较高的诺氟沙星和洛美沙星为代表进行模拟实验,探究ng级的两种抗生素复合对反硝化过程的影响。硝氮和亚硝氮的降解情况表明,实验浓度条件下,洛美沙星、诺氟沙星单用与二者联用对水环境中的反硝化过程存在不同的抑制作用。洛美沙星单用前期轻微促进反硝化,后期表现抑制作用,而诺氟沙星单用始终表现出抑制作用;洛美沙星和诺氟沙星联用抑制作用小于诺氟沙星单用,联用表现为拮抗作用。各体系的抑制作用大小为诺氟沙星>诺氟沙星+洛美沙星>洛美沙星。该模拟试验条件虽与实际条件有所差异,但在一定程度上表明抗生素联用表现出拮抗作用与反硝化体系内微生物数量、活性,反硝化酶活性,反硝化菌优势物种Achromobacter xylosoxidans、Acinetobacter baumannii、Pseudomonas sp.KY及功能基因nosZ和aac的丰度的变化有关。抗生素加入反硝化体系后会产生持续的影响,随反应时间的增加,反硝化菌逐渐适应有低浓度抗生素存在的环境,喹诺酮类抗生素耐药基因数量增加,微生物的耐药性增强,反硝化菌在数量和活性、反硝化酶活性及微生物群落层面均有回升趋势。  相似文献   

麦饭石促进异养反硝化去除水中硝酸盐的研究     

刘文君  刘通  胡伟武  陈男  冯传平 《现代地质》2022,36(2):574-582

微生物异养反硝化技术是市政污水处理中广泛应用的技术,但在实际应用中,微生物活性易受冲击负荷、重金属胁迫等环境条件影响,使出水效果不稳定。麦饭石作为一种天然硅酸盐矿物,能有效提高微生物活性及对环境胁迫的抗性,可以将其应用于微生物污染治理领域。通过批实验研究麦饭石的剂量、处理方式对异养反硝化的促进作用并探究麦饭石作用于微生物的机理。结果表明,麦饭石的投加剂量和处理方式均显著影响了微生物对硝酸盐的去除效果。硝酸盐去除率与麦饭石投加量呈正相关,麦饭石投加量为350 g/L时硝酸盐去除率可达96%,未添加麦饭石的空白组硝酸盐去除率仅为25%;处理方式会影响麦饭石对反硝化过程的强化作用,研磨后过200目筛的麦饭石在投加量<150 g/L时具有优势,投加量继续增大后,未经处理的麦饭石表现出更强的反硝化促进作用。进一步采用未经处理的麦饭石、研磨后过200目筛麦饭石及球磨麦饭石浸出液进行反硝化的促进实验及微生物毒性实验探究麦饭石作用于微生物的机理。实验结果表明,麦饭石浸出液能够提高微生物的活性及对环境胁迫的抗性,影响麦饭石生物促进作用的主要因素为其溶出微量元素的成分及浓度。本研究为天然矿物麦饭石应用于微生物污染治理提供理论依据和实际应用价值。  相似文献   

Tracing groundwater nitrate sources in the Dakar suburban area: an isotopic multi‐tracer approach     

M. Diédhiou  S. Cissé Faye  O. C. Diouf  S. Faye  A. Faye  V. Re  S. Wohnlich  F. Wisotzky  U. Schulte  P. Maloszewski 《水文研究》2012,26(5):760-770

The Dakar region is a mega city with multiple contaminant sources from urban expansion as well as industrial and agricultural activities. The major part of the region is underlain by unconfined sandy aquifer, which is vulnerable to contaminants derived from human land use. At present, the contaminated groundwater which extends over a large area in the suburban zone of Thiaroye poses a threat to the future of this valuable resource, and more specifically, a health threat. This study focuses on nitrate pollution occurrences and associated processes using nitrate isotope data (¹⁵N_NO3, ¹⁸O_NO3) combined with environmental isotopic tracers (¹⁸O, ²H, and ³H). Samples from 36 wells were collected to determine the level, distribution, and sources of contamination in relation to land use. Results indicate that shallow groundwater in the urbanized area of Thiaroye shows distinct evidence of surface contamination with nitrate as much as 300 mg/l NO₃^?. In rural area not serviced by water supply distribution network, much higher NO₃^? contents were found in few wells due to household and livestock feedlots. In most groundwater samples δ¹⁵N values ranged from + 10 to + 22‰, indicative of predominantly human and animal wastes. This was confirmed by environmental isotope data which suggest a mixture of polluted recharge waters. By using the dual δ¹⁵N vs δ¹⁸O as well as δ¹⁵N vs NO₃^? approach, denitrification may occur to some extent but it is blurred by mixing with new infiltrated nitrates and cycling derived from continuous leaky septic system. Results suggest that nitrate contamination of the aquifer is a consequence of unregulated urbanisation (homemade latrines), continuing contaminant transfer in shallow water depth where aerobic conditions prevail. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献