天山北麓黄土发育特征及形成年代   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

LU Hong-Hua  吕红华  李有利  南峰  司苏沛 《地理科学》2008,28(3)

对天山北麓黄土年代的认识还存在一定分歧.文章在对天山北麓河流阶地进行划分的基础上,通过分析黄土分布与地貌单元(河流阶地与冲积扇)的依附关系,同时结合黄土-古土壤序列分析与ESR测年,初步确定天山北麓地貌面上覆盖的最老黄土年代为0.54Ma B.P.,这为分析黄土所赋含的环境信息提供时间标尺.  相似文献   

华北平原地貌区划新见   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘芳圆  崔俊辉  陈立江  赵艳霞  秦彦杰  吴忱 《地理与地理信息科学》2009,25(4)

在埋深20~15 m(山前平原)或10~8 m(中部和滨海平原)以上的三维空间,将地貌形成演化的同一时段,具有同一结构、构造特征的组成物质和形态-成因上有相互联系的地貌类型的组合体视为一个地质-地貌体。基于这一观点,将冲积扇从传统地貌区划中的"山前倾斜平原区"中分离出来,与冲积泛滥平原合并,称作"中部冲积扇-冲积泛滥平原区",更符合国民经济合理布局的需要。  相似文献   

含软夹层的层状沉积河谷场地的地震动力响应分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李伟华  赵成刚 《岩土力学》2009,30(1):45-51

把层状沉积河谷场地中的软夹层模拟为流体饱和多孔介质,结合已有的对单相弹性固体介质、流体饱和多孔介质进行动力反应分析的显式有限元方法,建立了既能描述沉积河谷谷底的软土场地（用流体饱和多孔介质描述）,又能描述河谷周边山体（用单相弹性介质描述）的计算模型,并利用该方法分析了研究在P波入射下软夹层厚度以及软夹层的刚度等因素对层状沉积谷场地地震动力响应的影响。  相似文献   

Morphological signatures of normal faulting in low‐gradient alluvial rivers in south‐eastern Louisiana,USA          下载免费PDF全文

Nicole M. Gasparini  Glenn C. Fischer  Jordan M. Adams  Nancye H. Dawers  Arye M. Janoff 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(5):642-657

We explore the fluvial response to faulting in three low‐gradient, sand‐bed rivers in south‐eastern Louisiana, USA, that flow across active normal faults from footwall (upstream) to hangingwall (downstream). We calculate sinuosity, migration rate and migration direction in order to identify anomalies spatially associated with fault scarps. In two of the rivers we model one‐dimensional steady water flow to identify anomalies in surface water slope, width‐to‐depth ratio, and shear stress. In each of these rivers there is one location where flow modeling suggests potential channel incision through the footwall, as indicated by relatively high surface water slopes and shear stress values. In one of these footwall locations, the river straightens and width‐to‐depth ratios decrease, likely contributing to higher surface water slopes and shear stress. This is in contrast to previous studies that have proposed increased sinuosity across fault footwalls and decreased sinuosity across hangingwalls. However, in two hangingwall locations we also observe relatively less sinuous channels. Other planform changes on the hangingwall include topographic steering of channels along and towards the fault and one example of an avulsion. The most notable anomaly in migration rate occurs on the hangingwall of a fault where a river has cut off a meander loop. Although fluvial response to faulting varies here, comparatively large and small channels exhibit similar responses. Further, Pleistocene fault slip rates are orders of magnitude lower than the channel migration rates, suggesting that faulting should not be a major influence on the fluvial evolution. Nonetheless, notable channel anomalies exist near faults, suggesting that recent fault slip rates are higher than Pleistocene rates, and/or that low‐gradient alluvial channels are more sensitive to faulting than previous studies have suggested. Rivers appear to be influenced by faulting in this setting, however background rates of meander loop cutoff may be just as influential as faulting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Formation and erosion of sediment cover in an experimental bedrock‐alluvial channel          下载免费PDF全文

Rebecca Hodge  Trevor Hoey  Georgios Maniatis  Emilie Leprêtre 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(10):1409-1420

Sediment grains in a bedrock‐alluvial river will be deposited within or adjacent to a sediment patch, or as isolated grains on the bedrock surface. Previous analysis of grain geometry has demonstrated that these arrangements produce significant differences in grain entrainment shear stress. However, this analysis neglected potential interactions between the sediment patches, local hydraulics and grain entrainment. We present a series of flume experiments that measure the influence of sediment patches on grain entrainment. The flume had a planar bed with roughness that was much smaller than the diameters of the mobile grains. In each experiment sediment was added either as individual grains or as a single sediment pulse. Flow was then increased until the sediment was entrained. Analysis of the experiments demonstrates that: (1) for individual grains, coarse grains are entrained at a higher discharge than fine grains; (2) once sediment patches are present, the different in entrainment discharge between coarse and fine grains is greatly reduced; (3) the sheltering effect of patches also increases the entrainment discharge of isolated grains; (4) entire sediment patches break‐up and are eroded quickly, rather than through progressive grain‐by‐grain erosion; (5) as discharge increases there is some tendency for patches to become more elongate and flow‐aligned, and more randomly distributed across the bed. One implication of this research is that the critical shear stress in bedrock‐alluvial channels will be a function of the extent of the sediment cover. Another is that the influence of sediment patches equalizes critical shear stresses between different grain sizes and grain locations, meaning that these factors may not need to be accounted for. Further research is needed to quantify interactions between sediment patches, grain entrainment and local hydraulics on rougher bedrock surfaces, and under different types of sediment supply. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Denudation intensity and control in the Chinese Tian Shan: new constraints from mass balance on catchment‐alluvial fan systems          下载免费PDF全文

Laure Guerit  Laurie Barrier  Marc Jolivet  Bihong Fu  François Métivier 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(8):1088-1106

Tectonics and climate are usually seen as the main controlling factors of denudation rates, which seem to rise with the tectonic activity and to decrease when the climate becomes drier. However, the low denudation rates observed in semi‐arid to arid contexts are generally measured on orogenic plateaus where the respective influence of the flat relief and the dry climate cannot really be unravelled. The Chinese Tian Shan was chosen as a case study. In the northern piedmont of this mountain range, a series of well‐preserved Quaternary alluvial fans offer the opportunity to perform a mass balance study at the scale of several catchment areas and several hundreds of thousands of years. Based on a geometrical reconstruction of these fans, the volumes of sediments exported out of 10 drainage basins during the Middle–Late Pleistocene (from ～300 to ～12 kyr) and the Holocene (from ～12 kyr to present) have been estimated. From these volumes, an average denudation rate of ～135 m/Myr was determined in the Tian Shan Range for the last 300 kyr. In agreement with other mass balances performed in the same area, the typical denudation intensity of the northern Tian Shan is thus of a few hundred meters per million years at most, regardless of the space and time scales considered. From a comparison with denudation rates in other mountain ranges throughout the world, we suggest that a dry climate can dramatically limit the denudation intensity even in active orogenic systems with a high topographic gradient like the Tian Shan. As a result, the time required to reach equilibrium between denudation and rock uplift in these systems could be extremely long (i.e. of more than several million years). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

IRS-P5影像提取DEM技术在大青山山前断裂古地震研究的应用     

何仲太  侯建军  宿渊源 《现代地质》2014,28(6):1243-1251

以内蒙古大青山山前断裂中间三段的IRS-P5全色立体像对为例生成DEM,利用检查点法对DEM进行精度评定,DEM的高程精度能达到1:10 000地形图山地和高山地测图中误差要求。在DEM数据中提取了横穿断裂的25条冲沟,并在冲沟纵剖面中提取了该断裂在全新世活动形成的裂点。在从左到右三段断裂上升盘的冲沟中分别识别出6、5和3级裂点序列。通过土右西段和土左西段最新一级裂点后退距离和公元849年地震距今时间,分别计算了这两段上各条冲沟最新一级裂点的后退速率,并以此速率作为各条冲沟裂点的后退速率。利用土右西和土左西两条冲沟最新一级裂点的后退速率平均值作为毕克齐段冲沟裂点后退速率。结合三段上各条冲沟裂点后退距离,分别得到断裂上升盘冲沟各级裂点形成时间,从而得到三段断裂全新世古地震事件序列。本研究得到的大青山山前断裂中间三段全新世古地震序列与前人通过探槽开挖和利用断层下降盘全新世古土壤揭露的古地震序列能够很好地对比。  相似文献   

柴达木盆地切12区沉积层序及对油气富集的控制作用     

刘占国  宫清顺  朱超  王鹏  李积永  伍劲  丁学成  庞旭 《地学前缘》2019,26(4):238-249

柴达木盆地昆北油田切12区发育厚层砂砾岩油藏。砂砾岩成因类型及分布规律认识不清是制约油藏开发的关键地质因素。综合利用地质、测井、地震及开发动态等资料,在等时层序地层格架内,系统研究砂砾岩的成因类型、分布规律及其对油气富集的控制作用。研究结果表明,切12区下干柴沟组下段发育冲积扇沉积,可划分出辫状水道、泥石流、漫流沉积、径流水道及洪泛平原5种沉积微相类型,可建立“泛连通体”夹间歇性水道、稳定水道形成的叠置分隔复合水道、辫状水道与漫流沉积侧向相间、径流水道镶嵌于洪泛平原泥岩4个沉积构型单元。垂向上,冲积扇整体表现为粒度下粗上细、湖进退积型的沉积序列;平面发育6个冲积扇体,呈由北向南迁移的规律。沉积相带对油气分布具明显控制作用,沉积构型单元控制油气纵向富集,扇体变迁控制油气平面聚集。  相似文献   

广西横县六景古近纪冲积物特征     

刘疆  白志强 《沉积学报》2009,27(1):87-93

广西横县六景火车站南侧,角度不整合覆盖下泥盆统莫丁组和那叫组下段、被新近系大面积覆盖而呈两部分远距离割裂状态的一套“二元结构”特征显著的红色泥砂基底碳酸盐岩粗—巨砾岩,长期以来未被学者们看作一个冲积扇的有机统一体进行研究。经两次实地踏勘、系统采样和测量,以现代山麓冲积扇鉴别特征为主,辅以古冲积扇特征,综合分析得出结论:该套沉积的系列相关分割露头分别为一古近纪冲积扇之残存扇根、扇中及扇缘。该冲积扇为一典型的古近纪早期干旱气候条件下、母岩区为陡峻碳酸盐岩山体的古山麓冲积扇。  相似文献   

金属活动态测量在冲积平原覆盖区隐伏矿的试验研究——以安徽无为龙潭头硫铁矿为例     

付亚龙  常海钦  林鑫  孟刚刚  张苗苗 《物探化探计算技术》2019,(3):401-411

随着出露区矿产资源的日益枯竭,覆盖区已逐渐成为矿产勘查的重点。传统化探方法难以在覆盖区发挥作用,而金属活动态测量法可以提取与深部隐伏矿体有关的矿化信息。该方法在冲积平原覆盖区还缺乏相关研究。以安徽无为龙潭头隐伏硫铁矿为例,开展土壤全量和金属活动态测量的试验研究。结果显示:土壤全量测量在隐伏矿体上方无异常显示。金属活动态测量中,Cu和S元素的水溶态,Fe元素的铁锰氧化物态和吸附态均呈现出高异常值,异常衬度达到2及以上。其中S元素的水溶态异常最明显,含量峰值达14.8×10^-9,背景值为4.81×10^-9,异常衬度3.08。其次,Cu元素的有机态和S元素的铁锰氧化物态呈现较高异常,异常衬度1.5以上。金属活动态测量提取的异常均位于隐伏矿体上方,且与赋矿主断裂空间关系密切。本次试验研究表明,金属活动态测量可以有效提取与龙潭头隐伏矿床有关的地球化学异常,该方法在冲积平原覆盖区应当有着较好的应用前景,但仍需要更进一步地研究,以建立相应的方法技术流程与标准。  相似文献