An approximate analytical solution for the deposition of heavy particles released from an elevated line source   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

T. Bouvet  J. D. Wilson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,119(1):1-18

This work re-examines and further develops an analytical solution for the deposition swath of heavy particles released in the atmosphere from an elevated source over uniform terrain, correcting the particle diffusivity for the crossing trajectory effect. The revised (approximate) analytical solution proves to be accurate within 20% over a wide range of micrometeorological conditions and particle size, despite its neglect of the turbulence component of the deposition flux. It compares very satisfactorily with experimental data and with the simulations of a Lagrangian stochastic model, provided the variable U(H)/w _g ≤7 (ratio of the mean horizontal wind speed at source height to the particle settling velocity). In this domain of validity, simple formulae relating the statistics of the deposition swath to U(H)/w _g are derived.  相似文献   

The effect of mountainous topography on moisture exchange between the “surface” and the free atmosphere   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Andreas P. Weigel  Fotini K. Chow  Mathias W. Rotach 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,125(2):227-244

Typical numerical weather and climate prediction models apply parameterizations to describe the subgrid-scale exchange of moisture, heat and momentum between the surface and the free atmosphere. To a large degree, the underlying assumptions are based on empirical knowledge obtained from measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer over flat and homogeneous topography. It is, however, still unclear what happens if the topography is complex and steep. Not only is the applicability of classical turbulence schemes questionable in principle over such terrain, but mountains additionally induce vertical fluxes on the meso-γ scale. Examples are thermally or mechanically driven valley winds, which are neither resolved nor parameterized by climate models but nevertheless contribute to vertical exchange. Attempts to quantify these processes and to evaluate their impact on climate simulations have so far been scarce. Here, results from a case study in the Riviera Valley in southern Switzerland are presented. In previous work, measurements from the MAP-Riviera field campaign have been used to evaluate and configure a high-resolution large-eddy simulation code (ARPS). This model is here applied with a horizontal grid spacing of 350 m to detect and quantify the relevant exchange processes between the valley atmosphere (i.e. the ground “surface” in a coarse model) and the free atmosphere aloft. As an example, vertical export of moisture is evaluated for three fair-weather summer days. The simulations show that moisture exchange with the free atmosphere is indeed no longer governed by turbulent motions alone. Other mechanisms become important, such as mass export due to topographic narrowing or the interaction of thermally driven cross-valley circulations. Under certain atmospheric conditions, these topographical-related mechanisms exceed the “classical” turbulent contributions a coarse model would see by several times. The study shows that conventional subgrid-scale parameterizations can indeed be far off from reality if applied over complex topography, and that large-eddy simulations could provide a helpful tool for their improvement.  相似文献   

我国低钛月海型模拟月壤初始物质选择的地球化学依据   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘春茹  王世杰  冯俊明  李雄耀  付绍洪  欧阳自远  郑永春 《矿物岩石》2007,27(3):28-33

以Apollo14月壤样品和美国JSC-1模拟月壤的地球化学特征为基础,结合我国低钛玄武岩火山的分布,对我国不同地区新生代玄武岩的化学成分、年龄、储量等方面进行对比分析结果表明,滇西北金沙江地区和吉林辉南红旗林场-四海地区的玄武质火山喷发物的化学成分与Apollo14月壤样品和美国JSC-1模拟月壤相似,比较适合用于我国低钛月海玄武岩模拟月壤研制的初始物质。野外地质调查发现,吉林省辉南县金川镇红旗林场—四海一带产出的玄武质火山渣为距今1600 a的该玄武质火山岩的喷发物,其储量大、质地纯、粒度均匀,而且比滇西北金沙江地区最近一期的玄武质火山渣新鲜,最适合作为我国低钛月海玄武岩模拟月壤研制的初始物质。  相似文献   

On the origin of oriented rutile needles in garnet from UHP eclogites   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

S. L. HWANG  T. F. YUI  H. T. CHU  P. SHEN  H. P. SCHERTL  R. Y. ZHANG  J. G. LIOU 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2007,25(3):349-362

Although oriented rutile needles in garnet have been reported from several ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks and considered to be important UHP indicators, their crystallographic features including growth habit and lattice correspondences with garnet host have never been properly characterized. This paper presents a detailed analytical electron microscopic (AEM) study on evenly distributed oriented rutile needles in garnet of two eclogitic rocks from Sulu. Some garnet in one UHP diamondiferous quartzofeldspathic rock from the Saxonian Erzgebirge, and in one high‐pressure (HP) felsic granulite from Bohemia also contain a few unevenly distributed oriented rutile needles. They have also been studied for the purpose of comparison. Despite different distribution patterns, AEM revealed that all rutile needles are oriented along the 〈111〉 directions of garnet with their lateral sides surrounded by the {110} planes of garnet, and that the growth directions of most needles are close to the normal of the {101} planes of rutile. No other specific crystallographic orientation relationships between rutile and garnet host were observed, and there is no pyroxene associated with rutile, as necessitated by the precipitation reaction of rutile in garnet as previously proposed. A simple solid‐state precipitation scenario for the formation of the rutile needles in garnet in these two eclogitic rocks is not justified. Three alternative mechanisms are considered for the formation of oriented rutile needles: (i) the rutile needles may be inherited from precursor minerals; (ii) the rutile needles may be formed by a dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism; and (iii) the rutile needles may be formed by cleaving and healing of garnet with rutile deposition. None of these mechanisms can fully explain the observations, although the first one is less likely and the third one is preferred. This study presents an example where the presence of oriented/aligned inclusions in minerals does not necessarily imply a precipitation origin.  相似文献   

Modeling of gold mass transfer during the listwanitization and rodingitization using the example of the Ust’-Dep ophiolite complex in the upper Amur territory     

L. P. Plyusnina  G. G. Likhoidov  V. P. Molchanov  Zh. A. Shcheka 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2007,1(5):464-472

Gold mass transfer with chloride and carbonate-chloride solutions was examined at the 300 and 400°C isotherms and P _tot = 1 kbar by means of experimental modeling and theoretical simulations. CO₂ was confirmed to suppress Au solubility in fluids. The low Au solubility (mAu < 10^?8) determined in the experiments explains the mechanism of its precipitation when serpentinites and listwanites interact with acidic mineralized solutions. Listwanitization, which was genetically related with the emplacement of orogenic granitoids, was determined to have overprinted serpentinites and rodingites and strongly affected Au transport in the oregeochemical system. The characteristics of the metasomatic processes in the Ust’-Dep ophiolites and the gold concentration in the rocks produced by these processes confirm this conclusion.  相似文献   

半球形沉积谷场地对入射平面Rayleigh波的三维散射解析解   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

韩铮  赵成刚 《岩土力学》2007,28(12):2607-2613

把半球形沉积谷和周围半空间场地分别用具有不同弹性模量和不同半径的球坐标描述。利用Fourier-Bessel级数展开法,在频域内给出了半空间中半球形沉积谷场地在平面Rayleigh波入射下三维散射问题的解析解。利用这一解析解计算分析了入射波频率、场地软硬对场地内地表位移幅值的影响。  相似文献   

Cosmological perturbation theory and the spherical collapse model — III. The velocity divergence field and the Ω dependence     

Pablo Fosalba  & Enrique Gaztañaga 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,301(2):535-546

Cosmological perturbation theory (PT) is a useful tool to study the cumulants of the density and velocity fields in the large-scale structure of the Universe. In Papers I and II of this series we saw that the spherical collapse (SC) model provides the exact solution to PT at tree-level and gives a good approximation to the loop corrections (next-to-leading orders), indicating negligible tidal effects. Here, we derive predictions for the (smoothed) cumulants of the velocity divergence field θ ≡ ▽ ⊙  v for an irrotational fluid in the SC model. By comparing these with the exact analytic results of Scoccimarro &38; Frieman, it is shown that, at least for the unsmoothed case, the loop corrections to the cumulants of θ are dominated by tidal effects. However, most of the tidal contribution seems to cancel out when computing the hierarchical ratios, T _J  = 〈θ ^J 〉 / 〈θ²〉  ^{J −1}. We also extend the work presented in Papers I and II to give predictions for the cumulants of the density and velocity divergence fields in non-flat spaces. In particular, we show the equivalence between the spherically symmetric solution to the equations of motion in the SC model (given in terms of the density) and that of the Lagrangian PT approach (given in terms of the displacement field). It is shown that the Ω dependence is very weak for both cosmic fields even at one loop (a 10 per cent effect at most), except for the overall factor f (Ω) that couples to the velocity divergence.  相似文献   

An excursion set model for the distribution of dark matter and dark matter haloes     

Ravi K. Sheth 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,300(4):1057-1070

A model of the gravitationally evolved dark matter distribution, in the Eulerian space, is developed. It is a simple extension of the excursion set model that is commonly used to estimate the mass function of collapsed dark matter haloes. In addition to describing the evolution of the Eulerian space distribution of the haloes, the model allows one to describe the evolution of the dark matter itself. It can also be used to describe density profiles, on scales larger than the virial radius of these haloes, and to quantify the way in which matter flows in and out of Eulerian cells. When the initial Lagrangian space distribution is white noise Gaussian, the model suggests that the Inverse Gaussian distribution should provide a reasonably good approximation to the evolved Eulerian density field, in agreement with numerical simulations. Application of this model to clustering from more general Gaussian initial conditions is discussed at the end.  相似文献   

Automated classification of stellar spectra — II. Two-dimensional classification with neural networks and principal components analysis     

Coryn A. L. Bailer-Jones  Mike Irwin  & Ted von Hippel 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,298(2):361-377

We investigate the application of neural networks to the automation of MK spectral classification. The data set for this project consists of a set of over 5000 optical (3800–5200 Å) spectra obtained from objective prism plates from the Michigan Spectral Survey. These spectra, along with their two-dimensional MK classifications listed in the Michigan Henry Draper Catalogue, were used to develop supervised neural network classifiers. We show that neural networks can give accurate spectral type classifications (σ₆₈= 0.82 subtypes, σ_rms= 1.09 subtypes) across the full range of spectral types present in the data set (B2–M7). We show also that the networks yield correct luminosity classes for over 95 per cent of both dwarfs and giants with a high degree of confidence.   Stellar spectra generally contain a large amount of redundant information. We investigate the application of principal components analysis (PCA) to the optimal compression of spectra. We show that PCA can compress the spectra by a factor of over 30 while retaining essentially all of the useful information in the data set. Furthermore, it is shown that this compression optimally removes noise and can be used to identify unusual spectra.   This paper is a continuation of the work carried out by von Hippel et al. (Paper I).  相似文献   

岩体结构面水力学模型及应用     

金风生  马凤山 《水文地质工程地质》1998,25(2):26-29

本文提出岩体结构面适应性平行板模型和该模型的参数确定方法——三段压水试验新解释,新的模型有益于克服将结构面圆盘模型应用于地下水模拟中的局限性;基于结构面起伏度对地下水流动的影响,导出了起伏度修正系数解析表达式。  相似文献