瀑布沟水库库区介质衰减、台站响应和震源参数研究          下载免费PDF全文

乔慧珍  张永久 《地震工程学报》2014,36(3):608-615

利用数字地震台网2007年1月到2011年12月记录到的瀑布沟水库及邻区地震波形资料,采用Atkinson方法计算了库区介质品质因子;并利用Moya方法计算了台站场地响应;在获得介质品质因子和台站场地响应的基础上联合反演计算了瀑布沟库区67次构造地震和208次爆破地震的震源波谱参数,同时讨论了它们的时空特征。结果表明：瀑布沟库区Q值与频率的关系为Q（f）=47.1*f0.92;各台站的场地响应随频率变化不大,场地响应均在1附近。  相似文献   

Attributes and uncertainty of dissolved zinc data from a mined catchment     

Brian S. Caruso 《水文研究》1999,13(2):169-190

This study evaluated the attributes and uncertainty of non‐point source pollution data derived from synoptic surveys in a catchment affected by inactive metal mines in order to help to identify and select appropriate methods for data analysis/reporting and information use. Dissolved zinc data from the Upper Animas River Basin, Colorado, USA, were the focus of the study. Zinc was evaluated because concentrations were highest relative to national water quality criteria for brown trout, and zinc had the greatest frequency of criteria exceedances compared with other metals. Data attributes evaluated included measurement and model error, sample size, non‐normality, seasonality and uncertainty. The average measurement errors for discharges, concentrations and loadings were 0·15, 0·1 and 0·18, respectively. The 90 and 95% coefficients of confidence intervals for mean concentrations based on a sample size of four were 0·48 and 0·65, respectively, and ranged between 0·15 and 0·23 for sample sizes greater than 40. Aggregation of data from multiple stations decreased the confidence intervals significantly, but additional aggregation of all data increased them as a result of increasing spatial variability. Unit area loading data were approximately log‐normal. Concentration data were right‐skewed but not log‐normal. Differences in median concentrations were appreciable between snowmelt and both storm flow and baseflow, but not between storm flow and baseflow. Differences in unit area loadings between all flow events were large. It was determined that the average concentration and unit area loading values should be estimated for each flow event because of significant seasonality. Time weighted values generally should be computed if annual information is required. The confidence in average concentrations and unit area loadings is dependent on the computation method used. Both concentrations and loadings can be significantly underestimated on an annual basis when using data from synoptic surveys if the first flush of contaminants during the initial snowmelt runoff period is not sampled. The ambient standard for dissolved zinc for all events was estimated as 1600 μg l⁻¹ using the 85th percentile of observed concentration data, with a 90% confidence interval width of 200 μg l⁻¹. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Channel precipitation dynamics in a forested Pennsylvania headwater catchment (USA)     

Travis W. Crayosky  David R. Dewalle  Thomas A. Seybert  Thomas E. Johnson 《水文研究》1999,13(9):1303-1314

Seasonal and event variations in stream channel area and the contributions of channel precipitation to stream flow were studied on a 106‐ha forested headwater catchment in central Pennsylvania. Variations in stream velocity, flowing stream surface width and widths of near‐stream saturated areas were periodically monitored at 61 channel transects over a two‐year period. The area of flowing stream surface and near‐stream saturated zones combined, ranged from 0·07% of basin area during summer low flows to 0·60% of total basin area during peak storm flows. Near‐stream saturated zones generally represented about half of the total channel area available to intercept throughfall and generate channel precipitation. Contributions of routed channel precipitation from the flowing stream surface and near‐stream zones, calculated using the Penn State Runoff Model (PSRM, v. 95), represented from 1·1 to 6·4% of total stream flow and 2·5–29% of total storm flow (stream flow–antecedent baseflow) during the six events. Areas of near‐stream saturated zones contributed 35–52% of the computed channel precipitation during the six events. Channel precipitation contributed a higher percentage of stream flow for events with low antecedent baseflow when storm flow generated by subsurface sources was relatively low. Expansion of channel area and consequent increases in volumes of channel precipitation with flow increases during events was non‐linear, with greater rates of change occurring at lower than at higher discharge rates. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

乌江磷浓度与通量变化及来源解析     

娄保锋  黄波  黄小龙  邓世江  卓海华 《湖泊科学》2024,36(1):64-76

磷(P)是长江流域备受关注的污染物。乌江是长江八大支流之一,位于三峡水库近库尾江段。武隆断面是乌江入长江控制断面。对1998—2019时期武隆断面径流量、悬浮泥沙浓度(SS)与输沙量、磷浓度与通量(包括总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)和颗粒态磷(PP))年际变化及季节特征进行研究,并基于河流基流分割原理对磷的来源进行了解析。结果表明,(1)1998—2019年,乌江武隆断面径流量在一定幅度内上下波动,而悬浮泥沙浓度和输沙量下降剧烈。(2)22年来,乌江TP和DP浓度与通量总体上呈先升高后下降的趋势,2009—2013年为磷污染峰值期,TP和DP浓度与通量远高于其它时期。(3)2007年是一个重要的时间节点,该节点前,TP的赋存形态以颗粒态为主,颗粒态磷在总磷中的占比均值为65%;该节点后,TP的赋存形态转变为以溶解态为主,颗粒态磷占比均值下降为16%,相应地,溶解态磷占比由35%上升为84%。水沙条件改变是磷形态发生显著变化的主要驱动力,磷污染程度亦是磷形态变化的重要影响因素。(4)磷通量在年内的季节分布发生了显著变化,丰水期磷通量减少,枯水期磷通量增加。(5)1998—2012、2009—2013和2014—2019年3个时期点源负荷占比分别为23.5%、36.8%和62.1%,呈增加趋势。(6)建议制定适宜的总磷控制目标,结合目前所存在的磷污染风险点,进一步强化监管,侧重源头治理。  相似文献   

Grain size along two gravel-bed rivers: statistical variation,spatial pattern and sedimentary links     

Stephen Rice  Michael Church 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1998,23(4):345-363

A new set of field data facilitates a detailed analysis of variations in bed material grain size within two confluent gravel-bed rivers in northeastern British Columbia, Canada. A preliminary assessment of grain-size variability establishes a basis for examination of the spatial pattern of grain-size change. Standard ANOVA techniques are inappropriate because individual samples have unequal variances and are not normally distributed. Alternative tests for homoscedasticity and comparison of means are therefore utilized. Within-site, between-sample variability is not significant. The grain-size distributions that were obtained at individual sites are therefore representative of the depositional environments that were sampled. In both rivers mean grain size does vary significantly between sites and there is therefore a basis for examining the data for spatial patterns such as downstream fining. Textural variations along the two rivers studied here are complex and show negligible overall fining (in over 100 km). This is the consequence of a large number of tributary inputs and non-alluvial sediment sources which are the legacy of Late Pleistocene glaciation. The identification of lateral sources like these is fundamental for understanding textural changes within rivers. The sedimentary link (a channel reach between significant lateral sediment inputs) provides a means of isolating fluvial maturation processes (abrasion and sorting) from contingent lateral inputs. Strong fining trends are apparent in most links and classification of grain-size measurements according to their location within particular links greatly improves the statistical explanation of textural variation. Identification of sedimentary links provides a means of applying models of fluvial fining processes, so isolation of link networks will aid the development of basin-scale models of textural variation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Runoff quality prediction from small urban catchments using SWMM     

Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis  Rizwan Hamid 《水文研究》1998,12(2):311-329

The RUNOFF block of EPA's storm water management model (SWMM) was used to simulate the quantity and quality of urban storm water runoff from four relatively small sites (i.e. 5·97–23·56 ha) in South Florida, each with a specific predominant land use (i.e. low density residential, high density residential, highway and commercial). The objectives of the study were to test the applicability of this model in small subtropical urban catchments and provide modellers with a way to select appropriate input parameters to be used in planning studies. A total of 58 storm events, measured by the US Geological Survey (USGS), provided hyetographs, hydrographs and pollutant loadings for biological oxygen demand (BOD₅), total suspended solids (TSS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and lead (Pb), and were used for calibration of the model. Several other catchment characteristics, also measured or estimated by USGS, were used in model input preparation. Application of the model was done using the Green–Ampt equation for infiltration loss computation, a pollutant accumulation equation using a power build-up equation dependent on the number of dry days, and a power wash-off equation dependent on the predicted runoff rate. Calibrated quantity input parameters are presented and compared with suggested values in the literature. The impervious depression storage was generally found to be the most sensitive calibration parameter, followed by the Manning's roughness coefficients of conduit and overland flow, the Green–Ampt infiltration parameters and, finally, the pervious depression storage. Calibrated quality input parameters are presented in the form of regression equations, as a function of rainfall depth and the number of antecedent dry days. A total of 16 independent rainfall events were used for verification of the model, which showed a good comparison with observed data for both hydrographs and pollutant loadings. Average model predictions for the four constituent concentrations from the verification runs also showed good agreement with NURP published values in Florida and US sites. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

京津风沙源区2000—2015年植被覆盖状况的区域差异研究     

李庆旭  张彪  王爽  谢高地 《地学前缘》2018,25(5):298-304

植被覆盖状况是监测与表征区域生态建设成效的重要指标。以往研究注重区域植被覆盖状况的整体变化分析,对长时期区域内部植被覆盖变化及其差异研究较少。文中基于京津风沙源区遥感影像数据,采用GIS空间分析技术,重点评估了2000—2015年植被覆盖度的年际变化及其区域差异。研究结果表明,2000—2015年京津风沙源区植被覆盖度变化为35%~45%,且随年份变化呈波动增加趋势,年均增速为0.4%(P<0.05),生态治理取得明显植被恢复成效。8个治理分区植被覆盖均有所增加,但区域差异明显,晋北山地丘陵亚区和燕山丘陵山地水源保护亚区植被覆盖度年均增速超过0.6%,浑善达克沙地亚区与荒漠草原亚区植被覆盖度年均增速不及0.2%,这与区域地表组成和气候背景有关。从地市来看,北京、天津和承德植被覆盖度较高,但朔州和张家口植被覆盖度增速明显,而乌兰察布和包头植被覆盖度年均增速低于0.1%。相比2000年,2015年京津风沙源区有51%的区域植被覆盖度增加,49%区域植被覆盖度未变或降低,主要集中在京津风沙源区的中部和西部县市(旗),未来生态治理过程中应加以重点关注。  相似文献   

陡倾层状斜向岩层视向溃屈机制力学分析——以陕西山阳滑坡为例   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

王佳运  石小亚 《地质力学学报》2018,24(4):482-489

以陕西山阳滑坡为例,分析了陡倾层状斜向岩层岩质滑坡的视向滑动特征、滑移-溃屈破坏模式与机制。基于梁板理论、层状板裂结构岩体弯曲-溃屈破坏的力学模型在考虑自重、地下水静水压力作用及斜倾层状山体视向滑动侧向摩阻力作用的影响下,采用岩体结构力学分析的方法建立了相应的力学模型;经过力学分析,推导出基于斜坡自重、地下水静水压力与侧向摩阻力作用下的陡倾层状斜向岩层斜坡溃屈段长度条件方程。为验证条件方程的正确性,以山阳滑坡为例进行了验算,最后得出与实际调查较一致的结果,为防御陡倾层状斜向岩层斜坡产生视向溃屈破坏提供依据。   相似文献   

华南地区5月降水的水汽特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

于波  林永辉  陈菊英  乔林  翟亮  冯立成 《气候与环境研究》2014,19(4):507-514

利用国家气候中心的降水资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA海温资料分析了华南地区5月降水的主要水汽通道及变异机制。发现异常多雨年的水汽主要来自南海、孟加拉湾和青藏高原南侧;异常少雨年则因西太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)偏东,来自南海的水汽缺失,只有来自孟加拉湾和高原南侧的两股水汽,因而南海的水汽是影响华南地区5月降水的重要因素。分析发现当北太平洋的准东西向海温异常是"负正负"分布时,南海地区为异常的反气旋性环流,有利于副高西伸加强;北太平洋海温距平为"正负正"异常分布时,南海地区为异常的气旋性环流,副高东退减弱。此外,北方南下冷空气的阻挡使得季风北界位置偏南,冷空气和季风在华南地区交汇导致5月降水异常增多。  相似文献   

东太平洋CC区西区表层沉积物黏土矿物和地球化学特征          下载免费PDF全文

付锋  郑洋  姚旭莹  倪建宇 《海洋学研究》2017,35(1):55-65

本文以太平洋CC区西区12个表层沉积物样品作为研究对象,对其粒度、化学组分和矿物成分进行分析,讨论其沉积环境和物质来源。研究区地处深海,主要以深海黏土和硅钙质黏土为主,含有少量的硅质黏土、黏土质硅质软泥和黏土质钙质软泥。黏土矿物成分主要是蒙皂石和伊利石,含有部分的高岭石和绿泥石。黏土矿物组成表明,区内沉积物主要是陆源,由高空气流携带而来,南极底流和热液活动对其物源的来源有一定影响。沉积物地球化学特征也表明,物源以陆源为主,稀土元素分布曲线和北太平洋表层海水稀土曲线类似,且表现出强的Ce亏损,表明生物活动导致的生物沉降对表层沉积物也有一定的影响。  相似文献