西北荒漠区6种珍稀濒危植物的种子微形态特征   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7  

马骥  李新荣  李俊祯  张景光 《中国沙漠》2005,25(2):275-280

首次报道了我国沙区6种珍稀濒危植物的种子微形态结构的光镜及扫描电镜观察结果。实验结果表明:沙冬青、四合木、半日花等6种珍稀濒危植物的种子微形态特征呈现出丰富的多样性,且大多具有复杂精细的表面纹饰。  相似文献   

沙漠人工植被区蒸腾测定   总被引：10，自引：6，他引：4  

张志山  李新荣  王新平  张景光 《中国沙漠》2005,25(3):374-379

利用表面覆盖油毡的大型非称重式蒸渗池和LI1600气孔计测定油蒿(Artemisiaordosica)和柠条(Caraganakorshinskii)的蒸腾,比较了两种测定方法是否存在差异。结果表明蒸渗池表面自油毡覆盖至试验结束,油蒿、柠条和流沙处理0~150cm土层土壤含水量都增加,尤其流沙处理土壤含水量上升最明显;油蒿与柠条的冠幅、新梢长和叶面积指数均增加;由于中子仪探测不到蒸渗池底部40cm厚的砾石层的水分,导致了对照流沙处理测定结果不合常规。测定日期不同,LI1600气孔计测定的蒸腾速率的变化趋势和值也不同,但油蒿和柠条的变化步调是一致的,油蒿的蒸腾速率普遍高于柠条的;用多项式拟合得到蒸腾速率日变化曲线均达到显著水平(P < 0.05)。通过单位换算统一和尺度转换,蒸渗池和LI1600气孔计测定结果进行方差分析,表明物种间(油蒿和柠条)差异达显著水平(P < 0.05),测定方法间(蒸渗池和LI1600气孔计)差异不显著;从而说明本研究以叶面积指数和植物冠层盖度为基础,进行叶片水平与种群水平间的尺度转换是可行的。  相似文献   

小冰期气候的研究进展   总被引：18，自引：5，他引：13  

李明启  靳鹤龄  张洪 《中国沙漠》2005,25(5):731-737

小冰期是近2ka来的一个重要气候事件,又是目前全球变暖的背景事件,已成为古气候和古环境研究的热点。对此,科学工作者已经做了大量的研究。本文广泛综合前人研究的成果,介绍了小冰期的概况,认为1450-1890年是小冰期的时限,在此期间有三次冷期和两次暖期。冷期发生在1450-1510年、1560-1690年和1790-1890年,其中第二次冷期表现最甚;暖期发生在1510-1560年和1690-1790年。太阳活动和火山活动是小冰期气候变化的主要因素。并重点从冰芯、树轮、湖泊沉积、历史文献和沙漠地层等方面综述了近年来国内外对小冰期气候变化的研究现状。  相似文献   

The importance of surface controls on overland flow connectivity in semi‐arid environments: results from a numerical experimental approach          下载免费PDF全文

S. M. Reaney  L. J. Bracken  M. J. Kirkby 《水文研究》2014,28(4):2116-2128

In semi‐arid environments, the characteristics of the land surface determine how rainfall is transformed into surface runoff and influences how this runoff moves from the hillslopes into river channels. Whether or not water reaches the river channel is determined by the hydrological connectivity. This paper uses a numerical experiment‐based approach to systematically assess the effects of slope length, gradient, flow path convergence, infiltration rates and vegetation patterns on the generation and connectivity of runoff. The experiments were performed with the Connectivity of Runoff Model, 2D version distributed, physically based, hydrological model. The experiments presented are set within a semi‐arid environment, characteristic of south‐eastern Spain, which is subject to low frequency high rainfall intensity storm events. As a result, the dominant hydrological processes are infiltration excess runoff generation and surface flow dynamics. The results from the modelling experiments demonstrate that three surface factors are important in determining the form of the discharge hydrograph: the slope length, the slope gradient and the infiltration characteristics at the hillslope‐channel connection. These factors are all related to the time required for generated runoff to reach an efficient flow channel, because once in this channel, the transmission losses significantly decrease. Because these factors are distributed across the landscape, they have a fundamental role in controlling the landscape hydrological response to storm events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Shallow groundwater dynamics and its driving forces in extremely arid areas: a case study of the lower Heihe River in northwestern China          下载免费PDF全文

Ping Wang  Jingjie Yu  Sergey P. Pozdniakov  Sergey O. Grinevsky  Changming Liu 《水文研究》2014,28(3):1539-1553

Shallow groundwater is an important source of water for the maintenance and restoration of ecosystems in arid environments, which necessitates a deeper understanding of its complex spatial and temporal dynamics driven by hydrological processes. This study explores the dominant hydrological processes that control the shallow groundwater dynamics in the Gobi Desert‐riparian‐oasis system of the lower Heihe River, a typical arid inland river basin located in northwestern China. The groundwater level and temperature were monitored in 14 shallow wells at 30‐min intervals during the 2010–2012 period. After combining this information with meteorological and hydrological data, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to understand the dynamic behaviour of the shallow groundwater system and to determine the dominant factors that control the groundwater flow processes. The results of the study indicate notably large temporal and spatial variations in both the groundwater level and temperature. Noticeable fluctuations in the groundwater level (0.5–1 m) and temperature (4–8 °C) were observed in the riparian zone, evidencing a clear river influence. In comparison, the groundwater fluctuations in the Gobi Desert were more stable (the annual variations of the water table were less than 0.5 m, and the water temperature varied by no more than 2 °C). Strong variations in the groundwater table (1.5–5.0 m/year) and temperature (1.5–6.5 °C), mainly caused by surface flood irrigation and groundwater pumping, were observed in the oasis area. The investigated sites were categorized into three types that reflect the dominant hydrological processes: (1) the riparian zone, dominated by riverbank filtration and groundwater evapotranspiration; (2) the Gobi Desert area, controlled by groundwater evaporation and lateral recharge; and (3) the oasis area, dominated by groundwater evapotranspiration as well as surface–groundwater interactions caused by human activities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Drought projection based on a hybrid drought index using Artificial Neural Networks          下载免费PDF全文

Tao Yang  Xudong Zhou  Zhongbo Yu  Valentina Krysanova  Bo Wang 《水文研究》2015,29(11):2635-2648

The Tarim River Basin is a special endorheic arid drainage basin in Central Asia, characterized by limited rainfall and high evaporation as common in deserts, while water is supplied mainly by glacier and snow melt from the surrounding mountains. The existing drought indices can hardly capture the drought features in this region as droughts are caused by two dominant factors (meteorological and hydrological conditions). To overcome the problem, a new hybrid drought index (HDI), integrating the meteorological and hydrological drought regimes, was developed and tested in the basin in the work. The index succeeded in revealing the drought characteristics and the ensemble influence better than the single standardized precipitation index or the hydrological index. The Artificial Neural Network approach based on temperature and precipitation observations was set up to simulate the HDI change. The method enabled constructing scenarios of future droughts in the region using climate simulation of the GCMs under four RCP scenarios from the latest CMIP5 project. The simulations in the study have shown that the water budget patterns in the Tarim River Basin are more sensitive to temperature than to precipitation. Dominated by temperature rise causing an accelerating snow/glacier melt, the frequency of drought months is projected to decrease by about 14% in the next decades (until 2035). The drought duration is expected to be shortened to 3 months on average, with the severity alleviated. However, the region would still suffer more severe droughts with a high intensity in some years. The general decrease in drought frequency and intensity over the region in the future would be beneficial for water resources management and agriculture development in the oases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Factors affecting channel infiltration of floodwaters in Nahal Zin basin,Negev desert,Israel          下载免费PDF全文

Uri Schwartz 《水文研究》2016,30(20):3704-3716

Although floods in arid environments have been documented, considerable uncertainties still exist as to the floodwater and in‐channel infiltration relationships. In desert alluvial channels, the prime cause of flood discharge attenuation is water loss by infiltration into the alluvium. The present study documents flows in Nahal Zin, Israel, their infiltration into the channel bed, and the resultant change in the alluvium moisture content. The study uses a systematic combination of two experimental scales, the cross‐section scale and the reach scale. Direct measurements of moisture distribution in the active channel during floods were made using time domain reflectometry. Twelve flow events were recorded. Flow patterns and their respective alluvium moisture content were analysed. A trench was dug in the alluvium for the study of alluvium properties and time domain reflectometry sensor installation. The alluvium was characterized in terms of size distribution and sediment stratigraphy, structure, and composition. Two main alluvial structures (closed and open) affected the advance of the wetting front and water losses. Alluvial units with an open structure (clast‐supported) reached their maximum moisture content faster than closed structure units (matrix‐supported). Small‐sized particles and matrix‐supported layers reduced infiltration rate. The measured velocities of the wetting front were 0.33 and 2.88 m h^?1 for small and large floods respectively. The wetting front moved downward. Lateral movement was negligible. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Response of deep groundwater to land use change in desert basins of the Trans‐Pecos region,Texas, USA: Effects on infiltration,recharge, and nitrogen fluxes          下载免费PDF全文

Wendy Marie Robertson  J. K. Böhlke  John M. Sharp Jr 《水文研究》2017,31(13):2349-2364

Quantifying the effects of anthropogenic processes on groundwater in arid regions can be complicated by thick unsaturated zones with long transit times. Human activities can alter water and nutrient fluxes, but their impact on groundwater is not always clear. This study of basins in the Trans‐Pecos region of Texas links anthropogenic land use and vegetation change with alterations to unsaturated zone fluxes and regional increases in basin groundwater NO₃^? concentrations. Median increases in groundwater NO₃^? (by 0.7–0.9 mg‐N/l over periods ranging from 10 to 50+ years) occurred despite low precipitation (220–360 mm/year), high potential evapotranspiration (~1570 mm/year), and thick unsaturated zones (10–150+ m). Recent model simulations indicate net infiltration and groundwater recharge can occur beneath Trans‐Pecos basin floors, and may have increased due to irrigation and vegetation change. These processes were investigated further with chemical and isotopic data from groundwater and unsaturated zone cores. Some unsaturated zone solute profiles indicate flushing of natural salt accumulations has occurred. Results are consistent with human‐influenced flushing of naturally accumulated unsaturated zone nitrogen as an important source of NO₃^? to the groundwater. Regional mass balance calculations indicate the mass of natural unsaturated zone NO₃^? (122–910 kg‐N/ha) was sufficient to cause the observed groundwater NO₃^? increases, especially if augmented locally with the addition of fertilizer N. Groundwater NO₃^? trends can be explained by small volumes of high NO₃^? modern recharge mixed with larger volumes of older groundwater in wells. This study illustrates the importance of combining long‐term monitoring and targeted process studies to improve understanding of human impacts on recharge and nutrient cycling in arid regions, which are vulnerable to the effects of climate change and increasing human reliance on dryland ecosystems.  相似文献   

Potential evapotranspiration and its attribution over the past 50 years in the arid region of Northwest China          下载免费PDF全文

Zhi Li  Yaning Chen  Jing Yang  Yang Wang 《水文研究》2014,28(3):1025-1031

Evaporation paradox and its attribution have become a hot research topic in hydrology in recent years. This study estimates the potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) using modified Penman–Monteith method and analyzes the corresponding trend attribution based on the long‐term meteorological data collected at 81 ground‐based meteorological stations in Northwestern arid region of China during the period 1958–2010. The analysis results show: (1) The ET₀ has exhibited an obvious decreasing trend until the early 1990s; however, the downward trend has been reversed to an upward trend after then. (2) Decrease in diurnal temperature range (DTR) and wind speed (WS) may lead to the decrease of ET₀ during 1956–1993. The change of dominant factors in the ET₀ trend has differences after the early 1990s; observed increase in WS is the primary factor contributing to the reversion of ET₀. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Variations of crop coefficient and its influencing factors in an arid advective cropland of northwest China          下载免费PDF全文

Risheng Ding  Ling Tong  Fusheng Li  Yanqun Zhang  Xinmei Hao  Shaozhong Kang 《水文研究》2015,29(2):239-249

Understanding the variation and magnitude of crop coefficient (K_c) is important for accurate determination of crop evapotranspiration and water use. In this study, we calculated K_c in an irrigated maize field with ground mulching by eddy covariance evapotranspiration measurements during the whole growing periods in 2009 and 2010 in an arid region of northwest China. A semi‐empirical practical approach for estimating K_c was proposed by introducing the dynamic fraction of canopy cover and incorporating the effect of leaf senescence as a function of days after sowing. The contribution of arid advection of sensible heat resulting from irrigation to K_c and the response of K_c to canopy conductance (G_c) were investigated. The averaged values of daily K_c were lower than typical values obtained previously without mulching due to decreasing effect of mulching on K_c, with 0.82 and 0.80 for the 2 years, respectively. The maximum average K_c occurred at the heading stage, with 1.21 and 1.04 for the 2 years, respectively. The difference of K_c was attributed to the difference of leaf area index. The semi‐empirical practical approach could well estimate the variations of K_c, thus could be a robust and useful tool for the practical users and water managers. The contributions to daily K_c from the arid advection were 4.4–28.0% of the measured K_c. The G_c had stronger control on daily K_c at the early and later stages than at the middle stage. When G_c, leaf area index and relative soil extractable water were lower than the respective threshold values of 20 mm s^?1, 3.0 m² m^?2 and 0.5, the daily K_c increased significantly with the increase of the three factors, and almost remained constant when the three factors were beyond the threshold values. These results are helpful for quantifying contributions of individual factors to K_c, and subsequently improving water management practices according to K_c. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献