Stable isotope tracers as diagnostic tools in upscaling flow path understanding and residence time estimates in a mountainous mesoscale catchment     

P. Rodgers  C. Soulsby  S. Waldron 《水文研究》2005,19(11):2291-2307

δ¹⁸O measurements of precipitation and stream waters were used as a natural tracer to investigate hydrological pathways and residence times in the River Feshie, a complex mesoscale (231 km²) catchment in the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland. Precipitation δ¹⁸O exhibited strong seasonal variation over the 2001–02 hydrological year, ranging from −6·9‰ in the summer, to −12·0‰ during winter snowfalls (mean δ¹⁸O −9·59‰). Although damped, this seasonality was reflected in stream water outputs at seven sampling sites in the catchment, allowing δ¹⁸O variations to be used to infer hydrological source areas. Thus, stream water δ¹⁸O was generally controlled by a seasonally variable storm flow end member, mixing with groundwater of more constant isotopic composition. Periodic regression analysis allowed the differences in this mixing process between monitoring subcatchments to be assessed more quantitatively to provide a preliminary estimate of mean stream water residence time. This demonstrated the importance of responsive hydrological pathways associated with peat and shallow alpine soils in the headwater subcatchments in producing seasonally variable runoff with short mean residence times (33–113 days). In contrast, other tributaries with more freely draining soils and larger groundwater storage in shallow aquifers provided more effective mixing of variable precipitation inputs, resulting in longer residence time estimates (178–445 days). The mean residence time of runoff leaving the Feshie catchment reflected an integration of these contrasting influences (110–200 days). These insights from δ¹⁸O measurements extend the hydrological understanding of the Feshie catchment gained from other hydrochemical tracers, and demonstrate the utility of isotope tracers in investigating hydrological processes at the mesoscale. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Tectonothermal history of the western Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia: insights from white mica studies     

R. OFFLER  S. MCKNIGHT  & V. MORAND 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1998,16(4):531-540

Detailed b lattice parameter and illite crystallinity (IC) studies of K-white micas in slates from the Stawell and Ballarat-Bendigo Zones (SZ, BBZ) in the western Lachlan Fold Belt of Victoria, Australia, reveal a metamorphic pattern characterized by regional metamorphism associated with crustal thickening and younger contact metamorphism accompanied by deformation. The IC data indicate that rocks regionally metamorphosed prior to the intrusion of the Early and Late Devonian granitoids, vary in grade from epizonal (greenschist facies) to diagenetic (zeolite facies) and that most are of epizonal to anchizonal (prehnite–pumpellyite facies) grade. In the BBZ, a decrease in grade from west to east occurs. Across fault zones, IC values show little change, indicating that limited vertical displacement has occurred. This is in accord with the thin skinned deformation model proposed for the western Lachlan Fold Belt. The b lattice parameters (x=9.022 Å; n=137; σ_n=0.009) indicate baric conditions intermediate between those of New Hampshire (P=Al₂SiO₅ triple point) and Otago (intermediate P ). Thus, a moderately low geothermal gradient existed 450–430 Ma ago, when these rocks were deformed. K_D Fe/Mg (actinolite)/Fe/Mg (chlorite) values (0.52–0.70) obtained from coexisting actinolite and chlorite in metabasites from fault zones support the moderately high-P (c. 4 kbar) metamorphism suggested by the b cell parameter values. The metamorphic conditions indicated by these data are contrary to the low-P/high-T conditions proposed by previous authors, who inferred an intimate association between deformation, granitoid intrusion and gold mineralization. The b lattice parameter of white micas in slates adjacent to Early Devonian (c. 400 Ma) granitoids with schist bearing aureoles in the north-eastern part of the BBZ (x=9.002 Å; n=27; σ_n=0.007), indicate pressures in the order of c. 2.5 kbar which are in accord with those obtained from andalusite–cordierite and zoisite–garnet bearing assemblages observed in the higher grade metapelitic and calcareous rocks. This contrasts with the higher pressure (c. 4 kbar) existing during regional metamorphism and implies that c. 6.5–8 km of metasedimentary rocks in the BBZ were removed before the emplacement of the Early Devonian granitoids. Metamorphic assemblages in hornfelses associated with Late Devonian granitoids indicate a further 5–6 km of metasediment were removed in the next 40 Ma prior to their emplacement. This study shows the value of white mica studies in elucidating the tectonothermal history of a low-grade metamorphic terrane dominated by metapelitic rocks.  相似文献   

西沙永兴岛附近海域沉积物的环境质量评价     

徐阁  王德鸿  王诗文  石军  袁超  韩留玉 《海洋学报》2022,44(1):137-146

根据2009-2017年9个航次对西沙永兴岛附近海域共6个站位的沉积物重金属监测结果,应用数理统计法估算了该区域7种重金属元素的背景值,分析了重金属的含量及年际变化,采用单因子标准指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其重金属含量进行了评价.结果表明:研究区域沉积物重金属具有低背景值,均符合海洋沉积物质量第一类标准,沉积物质量为...  相似文献   

中低纬度MIS 3b(54～44 ka BP)冷期与冰川前进   总被引：57，自引：25，他引：32  

施雅风  姚檀栋 《冰川冻土》2002,24(1):1-9

MIS3b冷期在古里雅冰芯记录表现为54～44kaBP比现代温度低5℃的冷期,与MIS3c(早期)和MIS3a(晚期)温度高出现代3℃和4℃情况迥然相反,而和以23ka的岁差周期(precessional cycle)所导致的日射变化一致,在65°N～60°S间有重大作用.初步检阅现代有测年资料的末次冰期冰川前进文献,发现MIS3b冷期导致的山地冰川前进分布在亚洲、欧洲、北美洲、南美洲、大洋洲12个地区23个地点.当时降水较多与冷期降温抑制消融相结合,使冰川伸展范围都超过气候严寒而干燥的MIS2期内通常所说25～15kaBP末次冰盛期(LGM)的冰川规模.若干种新的测年方法包括改进的光释光(OSL)法、红外释光(IRSC)法、宇宙成因³He、¹⁰Be、²⁶Al和³⁶Al测年、U系法、连同原应用的¹⁴C法、热释光(TL)法、ESR法和径迹法(fissiontrackmethod)有助于末次冰期多次冰川前进时间的确定,但某些数据也存在不确定性.虽然古里雅冰芯记录明确了MIS3b冷期的重要性,但我国西部山区对该期冰川前进的定年研究还很少,亟应加强工作,以弥补不足。  相似文献   

The Long‐Term Robustness and Stability of Consensus Values as Composition Location Estimators for a Typical Geochemical Test Material in the GeoPT Proficiency Testing Programme     

Peter C. Webb  Philip J. Potts  Michael Thompson  Stephen A. Wilson  Charles J. B. Gowing 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2019,43(3):397-408

Re‐issuing the same test material, its true identity unknown to participants, in two rounds of the GeoPT proficiency testing programme 18 years apart has demonstrated remarkable similarity, and therefore stability, of consensus values independently estimated for over fifty measurands in each round. A comparison of the two data sets, GeoPT5 (AMH‐1) from 1999 and GeoPT41 (ORA‐1) from 2017, shows that corresponding consensus values, rigorously derived by current procedures for complete compatibility, are for the most part statistically indistinguishable when account is taken of their associated uncertainties. Inferences that may be drawn from this exceptional agreement include: (a) the consensus estimation procedure was robust and gave consistent results; (b) overall, the balance of the contributed data was unaffected by significant changes in: (i) the populations of laboratories participating, (ii) the proportions of laboratories producing results by different techniques, (iii) the manner in which systems were calibrated, or (iv) the aspirations of laboratories to attain higher quality results over time; and (c) unsurprisingly perhaps, that the test material itself had remained stable and unchanged during that time. Additionally, a statistical comparison of the original values for AMH‐1 with consensus values derived by current procedures demonstrates that they are also effectively indistinguishable.  相似文献   

地磁台站数字与模拟观测报告一致性分析及影响因素初探     

李永华  杨冬梅  赵永芬  张素琴 《地震地磁观测与研究》2004,25(1):57-62

对2002年度地磁台站模拟观测系统和数字观测系统观测报告中的D、H、Z三分量日均值的一致性进行了分析,并对其影响因素进行了初步探讨,将有助于模拟观测系统向数字观测系统的顺利过渡。  相似文献   

Analysis of inter-gauge dependence by Kendall’s τK, upper tail dependence coefficient, and 2-copulas with application to rainfall fields   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Francesco Serinaldi 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2008,22(6):671-688

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Turbulent dynamo near tachocline and reconstruction of azimuthal magnetic field in the solar convection zone     

V. N. Krivodubskij 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2005,326(1):61-74

In order to extend the abilities of the αΩ dynamo model to explain the observed regularities and anomalies of the solar magnetic activity, the negative buoyancy phenomenon and the magnetic quenching of the α effect were included in the model, as well as newest helioseismically determined inner rotation of the Sun were used. Magnetic buoyancy constrains the magnitude of toroidal field produced by the Ω effect near the bottom of the solar convection zone (SCZ). Therefore, we examined two “antibuoyancy” effects: i) macroscopic turbulent diamagnetism and ii) magnetic advection caused by vertical inhomogeneity of fluid density in the SCZ, which we call the ∇ρ effect. The Sun's rotation substantially modifies the ∇ρ effect. The reconstruction of the toroidal field was examined assuming the balance between mean‐field magnetic buoyancy, turbulent diamagnetism and the rotationally modified ∇ρ effect. It is shown that at high latitudes antibuoyancy effects block the magnetic fields in the deep layers of the SCZ, and so the most likely these deep‐rooted fields could not become apparent at the surface as sunspots. In the near‐equatorial region, however, the upward ∇ρ effect can facilitate magnetic fields of about 3000 – 4000 G to emerge through the surface at the sunspot belt. Allowance for the radial inhomogeneity of turbulent velocity in derivations of the helicity parameter resulted in a change of sign of the α effect from positive to negative in the northern hemisphere near the bottom of the SCZ. The change of sign is very important for direction of the Parker's dynamo‐waves propagation and for parity of excited magnetic fields. The period of the dynamo‐wave calculated with allowance for the magnetic quenching is about seven years, that agrees by order of magnitude with the observed mean duration of the sunspot cycles. Using the modern helioseismology data to define dynamo‐parameters, we conclude that north‐south asymmetry should exist in the meridional field. At low latitudes in deep layers of the SCZ, the αΩ dynamo excites most efficiency the dipolar mode of the meridional field. Meanwhile, in high‐latitude regions a quadrupolar mode dominates in the meridional field. The obtained configuration of the net meridional field is likely to explain the magnetic anomaly of polar fields (the apparent magnetic “monopole”) observed near the maxima of solar cycles. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

GQLup and its common proper motion companion     

M. Mugrauer  R. Neuhuser 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2005,326(8):701-708

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Geochronological characterization and petrogenesis of granitoids in the Ryoke belt, Southwest Japan Arc: constraints from K–Ar, Rb–Sr and Sm-Nd systematics     

Masaki Yuhara  Hiroo Kagami and  Keisuke Nagao 《Island Arc》2000,9(1):64-80

Abstract Rb–Sr and K–Ar chronological studies were carried out on granitic and metamorphic rocks in the Ina, Awaji Island and eastern Sanuki districts, Southwest Japan to investigate the timing of intrusion of the granitoids in the Ryoke belt. Intrusions of 'younger' Ryoke granitic magmas took place in the Ina district between 120 Ma and 70 Ma, and cooling began immediately after the emplacement of the youngest granitic bodies. Igneous activity in Awaji Island was initiated at 100 Ma and continued to 75 Ma. Along-arc variations of Rb–Sr whole-rock isochron ages suggest that magmatism began everywhere in the Ryoke and San-yo belts at almost the same time ( ca 120 Ma). The last magmatism took place in the eastern part of both belts. Rb–Sr and K–Ar mineral ages for the granitoids young eastwards. The age data suggest that the Ryoke belt was uplifted just after the termination of igneous activity. Initial Sr and Nd isotopic ratios for the Ryoke granitoids indicate that most were derived from magmas produced in the lower crust and/or upper mantle with uniform Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. Several granitoids, however, exhibit evidence of assimilation of Ryoke metamorphic rocks or older Precambrian crustal rocks beneath the Ryoke belt.  相似文献