Spectral variations of underwater river sounds          下载免费PDF全文

T. Geay  P. Belleudy  J.B. Laronne  B. Camenen  C. Gervaise 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(14):2447-2456

Passive acoustic monitoring of the self‐generated noise of particle impacts has been shown to be correlated to bedload flux and bedload size. However, few studies have concentrated on the role of acoustic wave propagation in a river. For the first time, the river environment is modeled as a Pekeris waveguide, where a wave number integration technique is used to predict the transformation of sounds through their propagation paths. Focusing on the distance of a hydrophone from the channel bed and cutting off the low frequencies produced by impacts between gravel particles, we demonstrate that acoustic propagation modifies the spectral content of bedload‐generated sound. Acoustic signals analyzed with the proposed model are interpreted by comparison to Helley–Smith bedload data obtained during flood conditions on the large gravel‐bedded Arc‐en‐Maurienne River, France. This study shows that careful attention to acoustic propagation effects is required when estimating bedload grain size distribution with hydrophones in rivers, especially for rivers with slopes higher than 1%. Bedload monitoring with a hydrophone is particularly appropriate for large gravel‐bed rivers – especially so during large floods, when in situ sampling is difficult or impractical and the impact of acoustic propagation is weaker relative to the self‐generated noise of bedload impacts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

How does the bed surface impact low-magnitude bedload transport rates over gravel-bed rivers?     

Emeline Perret  Céline Berni  Benoît Camenen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(5):1181-1197

Bedload transport is a complex phenomenon that is not well understood, especially for poorly sorted sediment and low transport rates, which is what is typically found in alpine gravel-bed rivers. In this paper, the interaction between bedload rate, bed stability and flow is investigated using flume experiments. Significant differences in bedload rates were observed for experiments conducted on beds formed with the same gravel material but presenting diverse arrangements and bedforms. Tests were performed under regimes of low transport rate, which are mainly controlled by gravel-bed roughness. Different scales of roughness were identified using the statistical characteristics of detailed bed elevation measurements: grain, structure and large bedform scales. The role played by these different roughness scales in bedload dynamics was examined. For quasi-flat beds, bed stability was quantified using a combination of bed surface criteria describing grain and structure scales. It was found that bed stability affects the bedload rate directly and not only through its influence on the flow or on the incipient motion. For beds with large bedforms, the analysis of bedload dynamics also showed the importance of accounting for effective bed shear stress distributions. An empirical bedload model for low transport regimes was suggested. Compared with previous formulae developed for alpine rivers, this model accounts for bed stability and distribution of effective bed shear stress. It significantly improves the understanding of gravel dynamics over complex beds such as arranged beds or those with large bedforms. However, further tests are needed to use the model outside the range of conditions of this study. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Comparison of ground-based and UAV a-UHF artificial tracer mobility monitoring methods on a braided river     

M. Cassel  H. Piégay  G. Fantino  J. Lejot  L. Bultingaire  K. Michel  F. Perret 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(5):1123-1140

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies, which allow wireless detection of individual buried or immersed tracers, represent a step forward in sediment tracking, especially passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) that have been widely used. Despite their widespread adoption in the scientific community, they typically have low efficiency when deployed in river systems with active bedload transport or deep wet channels, attributed to their technical specifications. A recent evaluation of active ultra-high frequency transponders (a-UHF tags) assessed their larger detection range and provided a methodology for their geopositioning. In this study, we test five different survey methods (one including an unmanned aerial vehicle [UAV]) in a sediment tracking study, and compare them in terms of recovery rate, field effort, geopositioning error, and efficiency. We then tested the method on a larger reach following a Q₅ flood and performed cross-comparisons between active and passive RFIDs. The results confirmed that the a-UHF RFID technology allowed rapid (1.5 h ha⁻¹) survey of a large area (<34 ha) of emerged bars and shallow water channels with recovery of a high percentage of tracers (72%) that had travelled large distances (mean ≈ 1000 m; max ≈ 3400 m). Moreover, the tracers were identified with low geopositioning error (mean ≈ 7.1 m, ≤1% of their travel distance). We also showed that a UAV-based survey was fast (0.38 h ha⁻¹), efficient (recovery rate = 84%), and low error (mean ≈ 4.2 m). Thus, a-UHF RFID technology permits the development of a variety of survey methods, depending on the study objectives and the human and financial resources available. This allows field efforts to be optimized by determining an appropriate balance between the high equipment cost of a-UHF tracers and the resulting reduced survey costs. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Continuous measurement of sediment transport in the Erlenbach stream using piezoelectric bedload impact sensors     

D. Rickenmann  B. W. McArdell 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(9):1362-1378

We report on bedload transport observations using piezoelectric bedload impact sensors (PBIS), an indirect method of estimating the volume of bedload transport of coarse sediment. The PBIS device registers vibrations produced by bedload (particle diameter >～20 mm) and records the signal as a sum of the number of impulses per time. Sediment transport at the Erlenbach stream has been continuously monitored with a PBIS array starting in 1986. The sensor array spans the width of an entire cross‐section and is mounted flush with the surface of a check dam immediately upstream of a sediment retention basin. We compare PBIS data with long‐term sedimentation records obtained from repeated surveys of material stored in the sediment retention basin, with artificial sediment input under controlled conditions in the field, and also with laboratory experiments. The rate of bedload transport is proportional to the number of impacts on the sensor per unit time. The reliability of the calibration relationship increases with the length of the observation period, e.g. for higher numbers of impacts and larger bedload volumes. Sediment volumes for individual flood events estimated with the PBIS method are in agreement with volumes estimated using an independent empirical method based on the effective runoff volume of water, the peak water discharge, and the critical discharge for the onset of sediment transport. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A two‐dimensional morphodynamic model of gravel‐bed river with floodplain vegetation     

S. S. Li  R. G. Millar 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(2):190-202

Artificially straight river channels tend to be unstable, and ultimately develop into river meanders through bank erosion and point‐bar deposition. In this paper account is taken of the effects of riparian and floodplain vegetation on bank strength, floodplain flow resistance, shear stress partitioning, and bedload transport. This is incorporated into an existing 2D hydrodynamic‐morphological model. By applying the new model to an initially straight and single‐threaded channel, the way that its planform and cross‐sectional geometry evolve for different hydraulic and floodplain vegetation conditions is demonstrated. The results show the formation and upstream migration of gravel bars, confluence scouring and the development of meandering and braiding channel patterns. In cases where the channel becomes unstable, the instability grows out of bar formation. The resulting braiding patterns are similar to analytical results. The formation of a transition configuration requires a strong influence from vegetation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Experimental investigation of bedload transport processes under unsteady flow conditions     

Kwan Tun Lee  Yi‐Liang Liu  Kai‐Hung Cheng 《水文研究》2004,18(13):2439-2454

Hydraulic engineering is usually based on theoretical analysis and/or numerical modelling simulation. As the dynamic behaviour of sediment movement under unsteady flow is still unclear, and field measurement is comparatively difficult during a large flood, prior investigations through flume experiments are required. A series of flume experiments, conducted using different inflow hydrographs without sediment supply from upstream, was carried out to investigate the sediment transport process under unsteady flow conditions. A series of triangular hydrographs were performed in the experiments. The results indicate that a temporal lag was found between the flow hydrograph peak and the sediment hydrograph peak because large size sand dunes lasted for a short period in the falling limb of the flow hydrograph. The temporal lag was found to be about equal to 6–15% of the flow hydrograph duration. Owing to the temporal lag, the total bedload yield in the rising period was less than that in the falling period. Furthermore, the measured total bedload yield in the unsteady flow experiments was larger than the predicted value, which was estimated by using the results obtained from the equivalent steady flow experiment. The peak bedload transport rate for unsteady flow conditions was also larger than the predicted value. The ratios of the measured to the predicted quantities mentioned above were found to be constant values for different shapes of hydrographs. It is, therefore, expected that the analytical results of sediment transport from equivalent steady flow can be a good reference for sediment transport under unsteady flow conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Observations on the movement of coarse gravel using implanted motion‐sensing radio transmitters     

James P McNamara  Carter Borden 《水文研究》2004,18(10):1871-1884

Motion‐sensing radio transmitters were implanted in cobbles (72–92 mm diameter) and placed in a stream in south‐west Idaho for 43 days during a snowmelt period. The radios transmit different pulse rates depending on whether the rocks are at rest or in motion. Every 30 s, a datalogger samples the receiver and records the pulse rate of the transmitters. Such information can be used to assess numerous properties of particle transport that are beyond the capabilities of conventional tracking methods. Conclusions include: (i) rocks are more likely to move on rising hydrograph limbs than on falling hydrograph limbs; (ii) the average Shields' parameter is 0·046; (iii) rocks move only a fraction of the time between initial and final motion during an event; (iv) the distributions of motion and rest periods are best modeled by gamma functions rather than exponential, but the distributions approach exponential as the tails are trimmed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal variability of bedload transport rate: analysis and 2D modelling approach     

《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-2):67-79

Field measurements to calibrate numerical bedload formulae are largely missing. Measurements using a Large Helley-Smith sampler were performed over a period of five years in the large Alpine Drau River, Austria. Our results reveal the high spatio-temporal variability of bedload transport rates. Commonly used bedload predictors poorly describe measured transport rates. Temporal and localised cross-sectional variation in bedload transport rates are observed in short time frames. To obtain significant mean values, the measurement period has to be extended to cover the existing bedload transport periodicity. The discrepancy between bedload transport measurements and simulation is partially explained by local hydraulic variations. The results can be improved, particularly for verticals where most of the bedload occurs, by relating measured transport rates to local hydraulic parameters. The incorporation of local cross-sectional parameters demonstrates the utility of 2D bedload models and their greater predictive power over similar 1D models.  相似文献   

Evaluation of bedload yield in gravel-bed rivers using scour chains and painted tracers: the case of the Esconavette Torrent (Southern French Prealps)     

《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-2):23-34

The event-based bedload yields of a small gravel-bed river (the Esconavette Torrent) have been concomitantly determined by surveying coarse sediment deposition in a trap and by monitoring the active layer of the bed and the displacement of painted tracers. The geometry of the active layer was obtained by means of scour chains and topographic resurveys. The cumulative bedload yield of 4 flow events measured in the trap and by the chain and tracer approach was respectively 174 and 153 m³. The consistency between those two field-based estimates confirms that the deployment of scour chains and tracers in gravel-bed rivers have the potential to provide a robust assessment of bedload transport. This potential theoretically depends on the spatial density of scour chains and the ability of the tracing technique to fit the grain size distribution of the active layer. The results demonstrate that a distance between scour chains that represents 10-15% of the active channel width is sufficient for a rather accurate determination of event bedload transport rate by reconstruction of scour and fill throughout a cross-section.  相似文献   

Calibration of piezoelectric bedload impact sensors in the Pitzbach mountain stream     

《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-2):35-52

Non-invasive techniques to continuously measure the rates or intensities of bedload transport in gravel bed rivers would be quite useful for both research and practice. Since 1986 measurements have been made with piezoelectric bedload impact sensors (PBIS) in several mountain torrents. In 1994 and 1995, a calibration campaign was carried out at a water intake in the Pitzbach mountain stream in Austria, where weighing cells and a water pressure sensor in the settling basin allow sediment transport loads to be determined in 15 minute intervals. Daily averages of PBIS impulses correlate reasonably well with the measured sediment load. Using a linear calibration relation, the relative error between predicted and measured sediment loads is within a factor of about 1.5 to 2. The scatter between PBIS impulses and bedload volumes is much larger if the measurements are averaged over one hour intervals or when the original 15 minute values are considered. A comparison with measurements from the Swiss Erlenbach torrent and from laboratory experiments using sediment particles from the Erlenbach torrent indicates that the proportionality coefficient between PBIS impulses and sediment load appears to depend on site specific conditions, including factors such as flow intensity and sediment properties.  相似文献