Damage to structures by pyroclastic flows and surges, inferred from nuclear weapons effects     

Greg A. Valentine 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1998,87(1-4)

In order to define the risk from explosive eruptions, one must constrain both the probability of explosive events and the effects, or consequences, of those events. This paper focuses on the effects of pyroclastic flows and surges (here termed ‘pyroclastic density currents', or PDCs) on buildings, infrastructure elements, and to some extent on vehicles. PDCs impart a lateral force to such structures in the form of dynamic pressure, which depends on the bulk density of the PDC (which in turn depends mainly on particle concentration) and its velocity. For reasonable ranges of particle concentration (10⁻³ to 0.5) and velocities (10 to 300 m/s), dynamic pressure on the upstream face of a structure ranges from 0.1 kPa to 10⁴ kPa. Lateral loads ranging up to about 100 kPa were produced during nuclear weapons tests in the 1940s and 1950s that were designed to study the effects of such loading on a variety of structures for civil defense and emergency response purposes in the event of nuclear war. Although considerable simplifications are involved, the data from these weapon tests provide useful analog information for understanding the effects of PDCs. I reviewed data from the nuclear tests, describing the expected damage from different loadings. Tables are provided that define the response of different structural elements (e.g., windows, framing, walls) and whole structures to loading in probabilistic terms, which in principle account for variations in construction quality, orientation, and other factors. Finally, damage documented from historical eruptions at Mt. Lamington (1951), Herculaneum (AD 79 Vesuvius eruption), and St. Pierre (1902 Mt. Pelee eruption) is reviewed. Damage patterns, combined with estimates of velocity, provide an independent estimate of particle concentration in the PDCs. Details of structural damage should be recorded and mapped around future eruptions in order to help refine this aspect of consequence analysis. Another fruitful approach would be to combine numerical simulations of eruption scenarios, which can produce simulated maps of dynamic pressure, with GIS-based data on structures for a given region; the result would be predictions of consequences that could be used for planning and emergency response training.  相似文献   

The basal ash deposit of the Sovana Eruption (Vulsini Volcanoes, central Italy): the product of a dilute pyroclastic density current     

D. M. Palladino  J. Taddeucci 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1998,87(1-4)

A low aspect ratio, decimeter-thick ash deposit, axisymmetrically distributed around the Latera Caldera (Western Vulsini Volcanoes, central Italy) has been studied by means of field and laboratory investigations. Field studies comprise facies analysis at centimeter scale and maximum clast size and deposit thickness measurements. Grain size and component distribution, chemical composition and particle morphoscopic features have been determined on selected samples. We discuss the co-ignimbrite ash fall vs. pyroclastic surge origin of the deposit and the hydrovolcanic vs. magmatic eruption nature. Complex facies association, textural features and grain size data rule out an ash fall origin for the whole deposit. The hydrovolcanic nature of the eruption has been discarded on the grounds of componentry and morphoscopic features of vitric fragments. We propose that the main body of the ash deposit formed from a radially expanding, dilute, turbulent pyroclastic density current, originated by a continuous collapse of a low-altitude (a few kilometers) eruptive column with a possible radial jet component.  相似文献   

彗星动力学研究综述     

卢仙文 《天文学进展》1998,16(1):41-49

彗星是太阳系中天文学的重要研究对象．它涉及到天体物理、化学、天体力学等多种领域。近年的研究表明,彗星可能是揭开太阳系起源和演化之谜的突破口,还可能与生命的起源有关．本文旨在对彗星动力学的发展情况作一简单的回顾和评述．  相似文献   

Characterisation of the non-asphaltene products of mild chemical degradation of asphaltenes     

C.M. Ekweozor 《Organic Geochemistry》1986,10(4-6)

The major steranes of the non-asphaltene fraction of Nigerian tar sand bitumen (maltene) are the c₂₇-c₂₉ diasteranes [13β(H),17α(H); 20R + S] and C₂₈-C₂₉ regular steranes [14β (H),17β (H); 20S]. The reducing metal reaction products of the corresponding asphaltenes (maltene-I) contain mainly C₂₇-C₂₉ regular steranes with the 14β(H),17β(H); 20R + S and 14α(H),17α(H); 20R + S configurations as well as the corresponding diasteranes having the 13β(H),17α(H); 20R + S configuration. These sterane distributions suggest that maltene-I corresponds to an unaltered oil whilst the maltene is equivalent to the product of severe biodegradation of maltene-I. This is consistent with maltene-I being the remnant of ȁc;original oil” trapped within the asphaltene matrix and protected from the effect of in-reservior biodégradation.Degradation of Nigerian asphaltenes by refluxing with ferric chloride-acetic anhydride or methanolic potassium hydroxide also releases soluble reaction products having the characteristics of unaltered oil such as the presence of n-alkanes having an unbiased distribution. These methods appear to be milder and more suitable than reducing metal reactions for releasing hydrocarbons occluded by asphaltenes.  相似文献   

赤道东太平洋C-C区硅质沉积物的磁性特征及细菌合成磁铁矿     

张卫国  俞立中  丛友滋 《沉积学报》2003,21(3):467-472

对分布于赤道东太平洋克拉里昂和克里帕顿断裂带之间 (C-C区 )的硅质沉积物所作的环境磁学研究表明,沉积物的磁性特征由亚铁磁性矿物主导,亚铁磁性矿物颗粒以单畴 (SD)和超顺磁 (SP)为主。磁性参数和透射电镜(TEM )分析表明,该区沉积物中存在着细菌合成的磁铁矿,并观察到磁铁矿存在不同程度的溶解。这一发现是微生物参与C-C区铁元素循环的直接证据。不完整反铁磁性矿物在氧化性较强的西区沉积物中含量较高,且随着纬度升高而增加,显示随着远离赤道,沉积物氧化性趋强.  相似文献   

Seismic response of three‐dimensional r/c multi‐storey frame building under uni‐ and bi‐directional input ground motion     

Gennaro Magliulo  Roberto Ramasco 《地震工程与结构动力学》2007,36(12):1641-1657

This paper deals with seismic analysis of plan‐asymmetric r/c frame multi‐storey buildings. Non‐linear numerical analyses are carried out by using a lumped plasticity model for beams and a multi‐spring model for columns, the latter one introduced to account for axial force–biaxial bending moment interaction. A comparison between numerical analyses and experimental test results is reported in order to calibrate the numerical model, showing that the adopted model is very suitable. In order to study the effects of the earthquake orthogonal component, the seismic response of the modelled structure under uni‐directional excitation is compared to the one under bi‐directional excitation. Such comparison shows that the maximum base shear and the top displacement are not very sensitive to the presence of the orthogonal component, which, conversely, leads to large increase in the column plastic excursions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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吕坚  朱新运  高建华  肖建华  汤兰荣  谢彩妹 《大地测量与地球动力学》2007,27(2):32-36

????Sato???????????????????????????????о?????-???????????β??Qc???仯?????????Qc???????仯????Qc(f)=19.63??4.81f ^{1.183 8??0.094 5}?? ??2005??12??3??ML3.9????????????????????ε????Q0???????仯?????????????????????????????????к?????ε????Q0???????仯?????????????????????????????? ?????????п?????ζ????????????????н???????????Ρ?  相似文献   

水对三峡库区滑带（体）土直剪强度参数的弱化规律研究     

李维树  夏晔  乐俊义 《岩土力学》2006,27(Z1):1170-1174

通过对三峡库区典型滑带不同状态的原位直剪对比试验,研究了粘土、粉质粘土及土石混合体三类滑带（体）土在不同含水状态下的直剪强度参数及c,φ值随含水率的变化规律。在大量的数据基础上建立了滑带（体）土c,φ值与含水率之间的经验关系,分析了水对不同性质的滑带（体）土的作用机理,得出了蓄水或者含水率变化后滑带（体）土c,φ值的经验公式,量化了含水率变化（水位涨落）对直剪强度参数的弱化程度。  相似文献   

桂林岩溶区地基承载力理论确定方法的分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘之葵  梁金城  张桂林 《中国岩溶》2002,21(3):206-211

理论计算是确定地基承载力的重要方法之一。《建筑地基基础设计规范》GB50007-2002中的地基承载力计算公式是基于弹塑性理论上建立的。桂林岩溶区地基土主要为粘土、粉质粘土、粉土等。本文在工程实例和理论分析的基础上,探讨了理论计算方法在桂林岩溶区地基承载力的确定的适用性,并且认为粉土地基不适宜用理论方法确定承载力。另外,结合桂林岩溶区地基的排水条件、施工条件等,对理论计算中C、h值的选用进行了分析,并提出了一些建议。   相似文献   

Structure of the inner regions of the circumstellar gas envelopes of young hot stars. I. The isolated Ae Herbig star WW Vul     

O. V. Kozlova  D. N. Shakhovskoi  A. N. Rostopchina  I. Yu. Alekseev 《Astrophysics》2006,49(2):151-163

Results of simultaneous spectral and photometric monitoring of the Ae Herbig star WW Vul in the neighborhoods of the Ha line and the sodium NaI D resonance doublet are reported. It is shown that the spectral variability of the star is caused mainly by the anisotropic disk wind, whose high velocity component forms in the inner region of the accretion disk. The circumstellar gas in footpoint of the wind shows the variability of the density and velocity, that is in good agreement with the results of modeling of an accretion and outflows around young stars controlled by the stellar and/or disk magnetic field. An analysis of the variability of the parameters of the Ha emission line also showed that the density of the gas in the inner region of the accretion disk varies over a time scale exceeding 10 years. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 171–185 (May 2006).  相似文献