River Discharge and Water Level Changes in the Mekong River: Droughts in an Era of Mega-Dams     

Xi Xi Lu  Samuel De Xun Chua 《水文研究》2021,35(7):e14265

While 1992 marked the first major dam – Manwan – on the main stem of the Mekong River, the post-2010 era has seen the construction and operationalisation of mega dams such as Xiaowan (started operations in 2010) and Nuozhadu (started operations in 2014) that were much larger than any dams built before. The scale of these projects implies that their operations will likely have significant ecological and hydrological impacts from the Upper Mekong Basin to the Vietnamese Delta and beyond. Historical water level and water discharge data from 1960 to 2020 were analysed to examine the changes to streamflow conditions across three time periods: 1960–1991 (pre-dam), 1992–2009 (growth) and 2010–2020 (mega-dam). At Chiang Saen, the nearest station to the China border, monthly water discharge in the mega-dam period has increased by up to 98% during the dry season and decreased up as much as −35% during the wet season when compared to pre-dam records. Similarly, monthly water levels also rose by up to +1.16 m during the dry season and dropped by up to −1.55 m during the wet season. This pattern of hydrological alterations is observed further downstream to at least Stung Treng (Cambodia) in our study, showing that Mekong streamflow characteristics have shifted substantially in the post-2010 era. In light of such changes, the 2019–2020 drought – the most severe one in the recent history in the Lower Mekong Basin – was a consequent of constructed dams reducing the amount of water during the wet season. This reduction of water was exacerbated by the decreased monsoon precipitation in 2019. Concurrently, the untimely operationalisation of the newly opened Xayaburi dam in Laos coincided with the peak of the 2019–2020 drought and could have aggravated the dry conditions downstream. Thus, the mega-dam era (post-2010) may signal the start of a new normal of wet-season droughts.  相似文献   

中肋骨条藻-裸甲藻-双毛纺锤水蚤营养传递的级联效应     

张翠霞  高歌  李世玥  吴宇佳  王蕊  吴梦瑶  刘泽洋  刘宇轩  杨昊达 《海洋科学》2020,44(5):123-132

中型浮游动物因摄食微型浮游动物,释放了微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力,这种营养级联效应会增加浮游植物丰度和降低中型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率,从而弱化浮游生物网营养传递过程中的下行控制作用。本研究在实验室模拟了食物链中肋骨条藻-裸甲藻-双毛纺锤水蚤的营养传递过程,发现在中肋骨条藻低生物量时,双毛纺锤水蚤偏好于选择摄食裸甲藻;高生物量时,双毛纺锤水蚤偏好选择摄食中肋骨条藻。营养传递过程中存在正的级联效应(0.018~0.12 d^-1),级联效应的大小与裸甲藻的摄食率和双毛纺锤水蚤对裸甲藻的摄食选择指数呈现显著的正相关关系。双毛纺锤水蚤对中肋骨条藻的直接摄食死亡率大于营养级联效应,从而导致中肋骨条藻生物量的降低。因此,营养级联效应对中型浮游动物摄食浮游植物的影响要弱于中型浮游动物的直接摄食作用。  相似文献   

高光谱遥感影像多级联森林深度网络分类算法   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

武复宇  王雪  丁建伟  杜培军  谭琨 《遥感学报》2020,24(4):439-453

高光谱遥感技术在环境监测、应急保障、精细地物提取等方面有着广泛的应用,随着高分五号高光谱数据的正式发布,高光谱遥感技术将发挥更重要的作用。遥感影像分类作为高光谱遥感影像信息处理的重要部分,已成为当前研究重点。本文针对传统多级联森林深度学习中模型复杂、无法利用基分类器差异信息、对类间差异较小的样本无法正确区分等不足,提出了一种改进的多级联森林深度学习模型,在模型框架中,分别采用了随机森林和旋转森林作为基分类器,并引入逻辑回归分类器作为判别器用于训练层扩展。相较于传统的深度神经网络,改进的多级联森林深度网络超参数较少且能够自适应确定训练层,更方便进行模型优化。实验采用了高分五号数据集及两个公开的高光谱数据集(Indian Pines数据集及Pavia University数据集)进行精度评定,同时选择了传统分类器支持向量机、深度置信网等模型作为对比分析。实验结果表明,改进的多级联森林深度学习模型能有效地进行高光谱遥感影像分类,且较传统的分类方法精度有所提升。  相似文献   

Internal structure and sources of selected ice jams on the lower Vistula River          下载免费PDF全文

Bogusław Pawłowski 《水文研究》2016,30(24):4543-4555

The lower stretch of the Vistula is the most ice‐jammed river section on the North European Plain. Since 1982, the structure of hanging dams has been studied by means of a mechanical non‐core sampler. In this article, a selected of field research results of the hanging dams' structure and the degree of filling of the cross section with ice obtained during surface ice‐jam events in the years 1995–2014 are presented, along with an explanation of their causes. Surface ice jams occurred during spring snowmelt surges and ice breakups and also during freeze‐up and ice‐covered periods. Their main cause was changes in the river flow and was also those affected by anthropogenic sources. A characteristic feature of the analysed cross sections was the considerable share of the underhanging ice dam's firm accumulation with ice floes, when the cross section would be filled with ice in excess of 70%. In most cases, due to low river discharge, there was no substantial flooding damage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

中国喜马拉雅山地区滑坡堵江编目及空间特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王珊珊  胡瑞林  童立强 《工程地质学报》2015,23(3):361-372

滑坡堵江数据获取与编目是其区域研究开展的基础。喜马拉雅山脉地处中国西南边陲,新构造运动强烈,滑坡堵江事件频发,在产生巨大经济损失的同时也造成了不良国际影响。鉴于该区区域滑坡堵江现场调查难以开展的问题,本文利用遥感技术、地理信息技术,结合野外验证获取了区内136处滑坡堵江事件的空间位置、基本属性和几何形态,建立了中国喜马拉雅山地区滑坡堵江编目。区内滑坡堵江集中分布在米林、札达、加查、错那、隆子、郎县等县,成因类型以滑坡、崩塌、泥石流为主。基于环境要素信息量计算得出该区滑坡堵江的易发程度随高程、坡度、地震加速度的增大先增大后减小,随地震点密度增大先减小后增大,随构造线密度增大逐渐增大,随与水系距离增大逐渐减小。不同坡向中,西向斜坡更容易诱发滑坡堵江,东南坡向最不容易诱发滑坡堵江。高位高山地貌类型、地层条件中的朗县构造混杂岩组和坚硬岩组,构造分区中的高喜马拉雅分区和雅鲁藏布江分区是滑坡堵江形成的有利条件。对比各环境要素不同类别的信息量取值认为影响该区滑坡堵江事件形成的主要背景因素是高程、地貌类型、地层岩组、构造分区和地震点密度。这些滑坡堵江事件几何参数的研究结果表明坝体长度-坝体面积与滑坡面积-坝体面积之间具有拟合程度较高的乘幂函数关系,而其他参数间的相关性并不突出。  相似文献   

梯级电站系统的地震危险性评价方法初步研究          下载免费PDF全文

雷建成  高孟潭  吴健  亢川川 《地震学报》2011,33(3):373-385

对梯级电站大坝以及梯级电站系统进行了一些简化和假定,分析了梯级电站系统地震危险性的主要来源,重点研究了上游大坝对下游相邻大坝的附加危险性影响,将全部梯级电站作为一个整体,提出了梯级电站系统地震危险性评价方法．以大渡河干流梯级电站系统为分析实例,考虑汶川8.0级地震后地震环境的变化,评价了该系统在现今地震环境下的危险性．根据梯级电站系统的特性,考虑电站规划、设计、施工的技术经济可行性．经分析指出,提高梯级电站系统最薄弱的几个电站的设防参数,是提高系统地震安全性的最有效的途径．   相似文献   

超标准洪水条件下土石坝安全性应急判别分析          下载免费PDF全文

李云  王晓刚  祝龙  宣国祥  刘火箭 《水科学进展》2012,23(4):516-522

当前极端气候频发,溃坝事件时有发生,提出一种超标准洪水条件下快速判别土石坝安全性的方法对于提升中国防洪决策水平、提高抗洪抢险能力具有重要的意义。然而,由于坝体结构复杂,不确定因素众多,超标准条件下快速判断土石坝安全性具有非常大的难度。借鉴堰塞湖天然坝安全性判别的研究方法,将判别分析法应用于超标准洪水条件下土石坝的安全性快速判别分析,结果证明,该套思路是可行的。从各坝体安全性判别分析方法的预测结果来看,判别分析法和I_DB指标判别方法具有较高的判别正确率,两种判别方法正确率均达到90.0%,优于其它简单指标判别方法。  相似文献   

Seismic assessment of concrete gravity dams using capacity estimation and damage indexes     

Mohammad Alembagheri  Mohsen Ghaemian 《地震工程与结构动力学》2013,42(1):123-144

A new concept to determine state of the damage in concrete gravity dams is introduced. The Pine Flat concrete gravity dam has been selected for the purpose of the analysis and its structural capacity, assuming no sliding plane and rigid foundation, has been estimated using the two well‐known methods: nonlinear static pushover (SPO) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). With the use of these two methods, performance and various limit states of the dam have been determined, and three damage indexes have been proposed on the basis of the comparison of seismic demands and the dam's capacity. It is concluded that the SPO and IDA can be effectively used to develop indexes for seismic performance evaluation and damage assessment of concrete gravity dams. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Does the complexity in temporal precipitation disaggregation matter for a lumped hydrological model?     

Hannes Müller-Thomy  Anna E. Sikorska-Senoner 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(12):1453-1471

ABSTRACT

Flood peaks and volumes are essential design variables and can be simulated by precipitation–runoff (P–R) modelling. The high-resolution precipitation time series that are often required for this purpose can be generated by various temporal disaggregation methods. Here, we compare a simple method (M1, one parameter), focusing on the effective precipitation duration for flood simulations, with a multiplicative cascade model (M2, 32/36 parameters). While M2 aims at generating realistic characteristics of precipitation time series, M1 aims only at accurately reproducing flood variables by P–R modelling. Both disaggregation methods were tested on precipitation time series of nine Swiss mesoscale catchments. The generated high-resolution time series served as input for P–R modelling using a lumped HBV model. The results indicate that differences identified in precipitation characteristics of disaggregated time series vanish when introduced into the lumped hydrological model. Moreover, flood peaks were more sensitive than flood volumes to the choice of disaggregation method.  相似文献   

Deep two-dimensional turbulence: An idealized model for atmospheric jets of the giant outer planets     

Jun-Ichi Yano  Olivier Talagrand  Pierre Drossart 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(2):137-150

The present paper proposes a new type of two–dimensional turbulence with a deep configuration as an idealization of the dynamics of the global circulations of the Jovian atmospheres under the constraint of the Taylor–Proudman theorem. A major difference of the deep two-dimensional turbulence from a standard shallow version is that the former reverses the sign of the planetary β-effect, leading to an opposite sign for the equatorial jet under the homogenization tendency of the potential vorticity. As a result, a westerly (prograde) equatorial jet is generated, which contrasts with the easterly (retrograde) equatorial jet obtained using the shallow configuration. The results suggest that the zonal flows of Jupiter and Saturn are probably of deep origin, whereas those of Uranus and Neptune are likely to be of shallow origin.  相似文献