The effects of forest fuel connectivity on spatiotemporal dynamics of Holocene fire regimes in the central boreal forest of North America          下载免费PDF全文

DOMINIC SENICI  HAN Y. H. CHEN  YVES BERGERON  ADAM A. ALI 《第四纪科学杂志》2015,30(4):365-375

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The importance of surface controls on overland flow connectivity in semi‐arid environments: results from a numerical experimental approach          下载免费PDF全文

S. M. Reaney  L. J. Bracken  M. J. Kirkby 《水文研究》2014,28(4):2116-2128

In semi‐arid environments, the characteristics of the land surface determine how rainfall is transformed into surface runoff and influences how this runoff moves from the hillslopes into river channels. Whether or not water reaches the river channel is determined by the hydrological connectivity. This paper uses a numerical experiment‐based approach to systematically assess the effects of slope length, gradient, flow path convergence, infiltration rates and vegetation patterns on the generation and connectivity of runoff. The experiments were performed with the Connectivity of Runoff Model, 2D version distributed, physically based, hydrological model. The experiments presented are set within a semi‐arid environment, characteristic of south‐eastern Spain, which is subject to low frequency high rainfall intensity storm events. As a result, the dominant hydrological processes are infiltration excess runoff generation and surface flow dynamics. The results from the modelling experiments demonstrate that three surface factors are important in determining the form of the discharge hydrograph: the slope length, the slope gradient and the infiltration characteristics at the hillslope‐channel connection. These factors are all related to the time required for generated runoff to reach an efficient flow channel, because once in this channel, the transmission losses significantly decrease. Because these factors are distributed across the landscape, they have a fundamental role in controlling the landscape hydrological response to storm events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Incorporating landscape features to obtain an object‐oriented landscape drainage network representing the connectivity of surface flow pathways over rural catchments     

Chantal Gascuel‐Odoux  Pierre Aurousseau  Thibaut Doray  Hervé Squividant  Francis Macary  Daniel Uny  Catherine Grimaldi 《水文研究》2011,25(23):3625-3636

A topological representation of a rural catchment is proposed here in addition to the generally used topographic drainage network. This is an object‐oriented representation based on the identification of the inlets and outlets for surface water flow on each farmer's field (or plot) and their respective contributing areas and relationships. It represents the catchment as a set of independent plot outlet trees reaching the stream, while a given plot outlet tree represents the pattern of surface flow relationships between individual plots. In the present study, we propose to implement functions related to linear and surface elements of the landscape, such as hedges or road networks, or land use, to obtain what we call a landscape drainage network which delineates the effective contributing area to the stream, thus characterizing its topological structure. Landscape elements modify flow pathways and/or favour water infiltration, thus reducing the area contributing to the surface yield and modifying the structure of the plot outlet trees. This method is applied to a 4·4‐km² catchment area comprising 43 955 pixels and 312 plots. While the full set of 164 plot outlet trees, with an average of 7 plots per tree, covers 100% of the total surface area of the catchment, the landscape drainage network comprises no more than 37 plot outlet trees with an average of 2 plots per tree, accounting for 52 and 7% of the catchment surface area, when taking account of linear elements and land use, respectively. This topological representation can be easily adapted to changes in land use and land infrastructure, and provides a simple and functional display for intercomparison of catchments and decision support regarding landscape and water management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Transit times of water under steady stormflow conditions in the Gårdsjön G1 catchment          下载免费PDF全文

Benny Selle  Holger Lange  Gunnar Lischeid  Michael Hauhs 《水文研究》2015,29(22):4657-4665

In this paper we report on a series of replicated tracer experiments with deuterium conducted under controlled, steady stormflow conditions at the Gårdsjön G1 catchment in south‐western Sweden. In five different years, these experiments were carried out in a subcatchment of G1. Deuterium was applied as a narrow pulse so that distributions of water transit times could be directly inferred from the observed tracer breakthrough curves. Significantly different transit times of water were observed under similar experimental conditions. Coefficients of variation for estimated mean transit times were greater than 60%, which can be understood as a measure of the interannual variability for this type of experiments. Implications for water transit times under more natural flow conditions as wells as for future experimentation are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Controls on slope‐to‐channel fine sediment connectivity in a largely ice‐free valley,Hoophorn Stream,Southern Alps,New Zealand     

Casey R. Beel  John F. Orwin  Peter G. Holland 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(7):981-994

There has been little work to date into the controls on slope‐to‐channel fine sediment connectivity in alpine environments largely ice‐free for most of the Holocene. Characterization of these controls can be expected to result in better understanding of how landscapes “relax” from such perturbations as climate shock. We monitored fine sediment mobilization on a slope segment hydrologically connected to a stream in the largely ice‐free 8·3 km² Hoophorn Valley, New Zealand. Gerlach traps were installed in ephemeral slope channels to trap surficial material mobilized during rainfall events. Channel sediment flux was measured using turbidimeters above and below the connected slope, and hysteresis patterns in discharge‐suspended sediment concentrations were used to determine sediment sources. Over the 96 day measurement period, sediment mobilization from the slope segment was limited to rainfall events, with increasingly larger particles trapped as event magnitude increased. Less than 1% of the mass of particles collected during these events was fine sediment. During this period, 714 t of suspended sediment was transported through the lower gauging station, 60% of it during rainfall events. Channel sediment transfer patterns during these events were dominated by clockwise hysteresis, interpreted as remobilization of nearby in‐channel sources, further suggesting limited input of fine sediment from slopes in the lower valley. Strong counterclockwise hysteresis, representing input of fine sediment from slope segments, was restricted to the largest storm event (JD2 2009) when surfaces in the upper basin were activated. The results indicate that the slopes of the lower Hoophorn catchment are no longer functioning as sources of fine sediment, but rather as sources of coarse material, with flux rates controlled by the intensity and duration of rainfall events. Although speculative, these findings suggest a shift to a coarse sediment dominated slope‐to‐channel transfer system as the influence of pre‐Holocene glacial erosion declines. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Use of riverine through reef habitat systems by dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu) in eastern Brazil     

Rodrigo L. Moura  Ronaldo B. Francini-Filho  Eduardo M. Chaves  Carolina V. Minte-Vera  Kenyon C. Lindeman 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011

The early life history of Western Atlantic snappers from the Southern hemisphere is largely unknown. Habitat use of different life stages (i.e. size categories) of the dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu) was examined across the largest South Atlantic reef–estuarine complex (Abrolhos Shelf, Brazil, 16–19° S). Visual surveys were conducted in different habitats across the shelf (estuary, inner-shelf reefs and mid-shelf reefs). Lutjanus jocu showed higher densities on inner-shelf habitats, with a clear increase in fish size across the shelf. Individuals <7 cm were associated with both the estuary (mangrove and rocky habitats) and inner-shelf reefs (particularly shallow fore-reefs and tide pools). Individuals ranging 10–30 cm were broadly distributed, but consistently more abundant on inner-shelf reefs. Individuals between 30 and 40 cm were more common on mid-shelf reefs, while individuals >40 cm were recorded only on mid-shelf reefs. Literature data indicate that individuals ranging 70–80 cm are common on deep offshore reefs. This pattern suggests that the dog snapper performs ontogenetic cross-shelf migrations. Protecting portions of the different habitats used by the dog snapper during its post-settlement life cycle is highlighted as an important conservation and management measure.  相似文献   

A network‐index‐based version of TOPMODEL for use with high‐resolution digital topographic data     

S. N. Lane  C. J. Brookes  M. J. Kirkby  J. Holden 《水文研究》2004,18(1):191-201

This paper describes the preliminary development of a network‐index approach to modify and to extend the classic TOPMODEL. Application of the basic Beven and Kirkby form of TOPMODEL to high‐resolution (2·0 m) laser altimetric data (based upon the UK Environment Agency's light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system) to a 13·8 km² catchment in an upland environment identified many saturated areas that remained unconnected from the drainage network even during an extreme flood event. This is shown to be a particular problem with using high‐resolution topographic data, especially over large appreciable areas. To deal with the hydrological consequences of disconnected areas, we present a simple network index modification in which saturated areas are only considered to contribute when the topographic index indicates continuous saturation through the length of a flow path to the point where the path becomes a stream. This is combined with an enhanced method for dealing with the problem of pits and hollows, which is shown to become more acute with higher resolution topographic data. The paper concludes by noting the implications of the research as presented for both methodological and substantive research that is currently under way. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

从土壤侵蚀角度诠释泥沙连通性   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

张光辉 《水科学进展》2021,32(2):295-308

泥沙连通性是近10年来国际上的研究热点,从土壤侵蚀角度准确理解泥沙连通性至关重要。泥沙连通性表征流域内不同地貌或景观单元间的泥沙级联关系,受气候、地质地貌、流域特性、地形条件、土壤属性、植被特性、水文过程、土壤侵蚀以及人类社会活动及其时空变化的综合影响,泥沙连通性具有明显的时空变异特征。研究泥沙连通性的方法包括野外调查法、图论法、指标法和模型模拟法,不同方法的理论基础、数据要求、实施过程与结果存在一定差异,连通性指数目前应用最为广泛,但该指数更多强调结构连通性。亟需加强泥沙连通性概念与物理含义、影响因素及其动力机制、研究方法与指标体系等方面研究,明确泥沙连通性与水文连通性、土壤侵蚀和泥沙输移比的关系,分析水土保持措施对泥沙连通性的影响及其动力机制。  相似文献   

Quantifying the influence of rainfall,vegetation and animals on soil erosion and hillslope connectivity in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia     

Greg Hancock  John Lowry 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(10):2110-2123

Erosion of soil by water is facilitated by both diffusive and fluvial processes. Here we examine three different soil redistribution processes operating at very different spatial and temporal scales in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia. The first process, rainsplash, operates across the entire catchment. This process, while subject to annual and seasonal variations in rainfall amount and intensity, can be considered a constant forcing and redistributes on average 9 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (range −0.9 to 19 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). The second process, bioturbation, where in this study soil is disturbed by feral pigs (wild boar), occurs in selected areas throughout each year. Pigs exhume 3 to 36.0 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (average ~11 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). The effect of this disturbance may last for many years afterwards. The third process is the disturbance of the soil surface by tree throw and creation of pit–mound topography (also a form of bioturbation), together with the resultant placement of the tree superstructure (above ground biomass) on the ground, which may form debris dams. Tree throw at the scale examined here is likely to occur only once every 50–100 years, with the influence of this single event lasting for at least 10 years post event. Tree throw in a single event exhumed ~5 t ha⁻¹ (1.1–9.5 t ha⁻¹) of soil. In contrast to rainsplash, pig disturbance and tree throw events are largely point-based phenomena. Field observation suggests that it takes many years for the disturbance from both pigs and tree throw to be removed. We find here that in terms of relative soil redistribution, rainsplash has the largest influence, with any erosional disturbance by pigs and tree throw being within the variability of rainsplash. However, the disruption of surface flow by the pig digs and tree throw disrupts sedimentological and hydrological connectivity.  相似文献   

(Dis)Connectivity in catchment sediment cascades: a fresh look at the sediment delivery problem   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Kirstie Fryirs 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2013,38(1):30-46

The concept of the sediment delivery problem was introduced into the literature in 1983 by Des Walling. This concept describes how only a fraction of sediment eroded within a catchment will reach the basin outlet and be represented as sediment yield, and that sediment storage mechanisms operating within a catchment explain this discrepancy. Since this paper was published, geomorphologists have been examining in great detail the fate of sediment eroded from the landsurface, and the pathways and timeframes of sediment transport and storage in catchments. However, to fully understand the internal dynamics of sediment flux requires a ‘fresh look at the sediment delivery problem’. A framework is required that can incorporate the various processes involved in sediment movement from source areas through a basin to its outlet, and can take account of the spatial distribution of, and timeframes over which, these processes operate. This paper presents a conceptual framework for analysis of catchment (dis)connectivity that incorporates both spatial and temporal variability in the operation of the sediment cascade. This approach examines where blockages occur to disrupt these longitudinal, lateral and vertical linkages in catchments. Depending on the position of blockages (termed buffers, barriers and blankets), and their sediment residence time, various parts of a catchment may be actively contributing sediment to the sediment cascade and be switched on, or inactive and switched off. This paper discusses how such a framework can be used to model response times to disturbance and explain the manifestation of geomorphic change in catchments. The paper then highlights challenges geomorphologists face in applying such a framework to understand the internal dynamics of the catchment sediment cascades, and forecast how environmental change might affect the operation of sediment fluxes into the future. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献