Transportation costs and the spatial distribution of land use in the Brazilian Amazon   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Diana Weinhold  Eustaquio Reis 《Global Environmental Change》2008,18(1):54-68

We examine the question of whether reducing transport costs in the Amazon has lead to increased land clearing. Data on land clearing, transport costs and other related variables from 1975 to 1995 is analyzed using econometric approaches that exploit the dynamic time series dimension of the data to control for possible omitted variables and endogeneity. Our results suggest that the impact of changes in transport costs on clearing depends greatly on the initial land use. Specifically, we find that in regions where a greater proportion of the land is already cleared, reducing transport costs can lessen the rate of future clearing. On the other hand, reducing transport costs through areas that have seen little human activity is more likely to increase deforestation.  相似文献   

Enclosure of the urban commons   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Shin Lee  Chris Webster 《GeoJournal》2006,66(1-2):27-42

This is an essay about the territorial enclosure of urban neighbourhoods. It develops the argument that the shared public realms that became regarded as normal in the cities of the 20th century are inherently unstable. More particularly, they are an unstable form of co-ownership domain (condominium). In many different cultures and economies new forms of local territorial governance are emerging to make joint consumption more sustainable. Most of the essay is devoted to exploring this evolutionary argument and is theoretically oriented and illustrated with historical examples. We end with illustrations of urban enclosure from China, a country that has had to discover almost overnight new forms of organisational, institutional and spatial order.  相似文献   

Who should set the total allowable catch? Social preferences and legitimacy in fisheries management institutions     

《Marine Policy》2015

This article presents a decision-making model based on situations that are typically encountered in fisheries management when setting the total allowable quota. The model allows assessing the differences in outcomes when different management institutions make the decision under uncertain conditions. Social preferences are considered to measure the social expected costs raised by different institutions. Moreover, stakeholder participation and the notion of “legitimacy cost” are taken into account, the latter being defined as the cost of actions that stakeholders may take when they do not agree with decisions made by the management authority. Within this context, economic policy choices are discussed in terms of what type of institutions will generate a higher expected welfare depending on social preferences and legitimacy costs in specific contexts. Finally, this article also discusses what aspects should be considered when designing stakeholder and scientific boards in the TAC setting process.  相似文献   

The mechanism of farmland marginalization in Chinese mountainous areas: Evidence from cost and return changes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Li  Shengfa  Li  Xiubin 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(4):531-548

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Farmland marginalization has become the main trend of land-use change in the mountainous areas of China. Using annual survey data of major agricultural production...  相似文献   

Incorporating ‘catastrophic’ climate change into policy analysis     

Elizabeth Kopits  Alex Marten  Ann Wolverton 《Climate Policy》2013,13(5):637-664

Although existing economic research is informative with regard to the importance of including potential ‘catastrophic’ climate change impacts in the analysis of GHG mitigation benefits, the generic and abstract form of the ‘catastrophe’ implemented has led to a lack of specific policy implications. This article provides an important starting point for a discussion of how to improve economic modelling of potential large-scale impacts of climate change. It considers how the term ‘abrupt climate change’ has been used in the scientific literature to describe changes in the climate system and carefully reviews the characteristics of the events that have been discussed in this context. The findings are compared to the way in which the economic literature has modelled potential economic and human welfare impacts of these ‘catastrophic’ events. In general, the economics literature is found to have modelled such impacts in a uniform way that fails to account for differences in relevant end points and timescales. The result is policy recommendations based on events that do not resemble those of concern. Better treatment of these events in integrated assessment modelling would help ensure that future research efforts can serve as meaningful policy input.  相似文献   

代价的成因分析     

朱诗勇 《广东海洋大学学报》2004,24(2):43-47

代价的产生和发展、扬弃,总是与人的实践活动的内在矛盾分不开的.形成代价的矛盾主要包括这样三类矛盾:一是各种发展的价值目标之间的矛盾.二是发展的价值客观制约性与人的主观目的性之间的矛盾.三是人们认识的历史局限性与事物发展的客观规律性的矛盾.这三类矛盾在历史、现实中的出现、发展和解决,分别形成不同的代价.  相似文献   

1991～2015年我国黄金资源勘查成本、利润与 成效分析     

杨建峰 《地质与勘探》2018,54(1):211-218

黄金是兼具金融和商品双重属性的特殊贵金属,关系到国家金融安全和经济安全。本文从全国层面定量分析了1991～2015年我国黄金资源勘查的成本和利润变化以及在资源储量方面的成效变化,以期为黄金资源勘查工作管理提供基础依据。我国金矿勘查活动经历了由传统计划经济体制主导向市场经济体制主导的转变,特别是2006年以后金矿勘查投入与黄金价格呈显著正相关关系。1991～2015年金矿勘查成本与勘查利润出现了两次不同步的起伏变化;金矿勘查利润2012年开始逐年快速下滑,勘查成本峰值出现的时间晚于勘查利润2年左右,2014～2015年有所下降;金矿勘查投入在变化上比黄金生产利润和金矿勘查利润要延迟1年左右。近年来金矿勘查推动了黄金新增查明资源储量的增长,但黄金资源的保障程度仍难以支撑不断增长的黄金生产需要;万元勘查投入新增查明资源储量总体呈下降趋势,金矿勘查的效率明显下滑。  相似文献   

中国餐饮业食物浪费的资源环境问题综述     

高利伟  成升魁  曹晓昌  张丹  刘晓洁  秦奇  刘尧 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2013,(4):337-343

近年来食物浪费以及食物浪费的资源环境问题越来越成为全球关注的焦点,尤其是在发展中国家,食物浪费成为威胁食物安全的另一关键因素。尽管如此,在中国,人们仍然对食物浪费缺乏认识,尤其是餐饮业中消费者的食物浪费。因此,基于国内主流媒体报道的大量餐饮业食物浪费的案例数据资料,本研究针对餐饮业中的食物浪费做了系统的阐述。针对餐饮业食物浪费的初步估计,本研究揭示了我国餐饮业食物浪费的严重性。通过分析国际上大量食物浪费的相关文献资料,本研究具体阐述了食物浪费的资源环境代价。最后,本研究基于生命周期评价方法提出了针对餐饮业食物浪费及其资源环境效应研究的概念框架,以便更有效地减少食物浪费。  相似文献   

The impact of private investor’s transaction costs on the cost effectiveness of project-based Kyoto mechanisms     

W Fichtner  S GraehlO Rentz 《Climate Policy》2003,3(3):249-259

From a private investor’s point of view transaction costs of project-based Kyoto mechanisms relate mainly to project management and interaction with government representatives. However, when analysing the cost effectiveness of project-based Kyoto mechanisms these transaction costs are often underestimated or completely ignored¹ due to limited data availability. This paper presents an analysis of transaction costs of project-based Kyoto mechanisms by applying cost estimates from comparable activities, for example, activities implemented jointly (AIJ). The findings show that transaction costs of AIJ projects range between 7% and more than 100% of production costs with 80% of projects lying between 14 and 89%. Furthermore the data clearly illustrate that “bigger” projects have lower specific project costs indicating the existence of economies of scale. Due to the fact that high transaction costs will push many promising projects out of the market, efforts should be undertaken to reduce transaction costs by improving procedures and business environments, for example, by standardisation.  相似文献   

Transaction costs of the Kyoto Mechanisms   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Axel Michaelowa  Marcus Stronzik  Frauke Eckermann  Alistair Hunt 《Climate Policy》2003,3(3):261-278

Transaction costs will reduce the attractiveness of the Kyoto Mechanisms compared to domestic abatement options. Especially the project-based mechanisms Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) are likely to entail considerable costs of baseline development, verification and certification. The Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) pilot phase and the Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) programme give indications about the level of these costs. Under current estimates of world market prices for greenhouse gas emission permits, projects with annual emission reductions of less than 50,000 t CO₂ equivalent are unlikely to be viable; for micro projects transaction costs can reach several hundred € per t CO₂ equivalent. Thus, the Marrakech Accord rule to have special rules for small scale CDM projects makes sense, even if the thresholds chosen advantage certain project types; projects below 1000 t CO₂ equivalent per year should get further exemptions. An alternative solution with no risk for the environmental credibility of the projects would be to subsidise baseline setting and charge lower, subsidised fees for small projects for the different steps of the CDM/second track JI project cycle.  相似文献