不连续面激活与巷道围岩破坏区关系的探讨     

伍佑伦  王元汉 《岩土力学》2007,28(6):1197-1200

岩体的破坏往往是其中不连续面滑移与扩展的结果。在不连续面有效剪应力概念的基础上,提出了巷道临空不连续面激活的观点。分析了圆形断面巷道围岩中临空不连续面的激活深度,认为不连续面的激活深度与其倾角及抗剪强度有关,其中,抗剪强度对激活深度的影响较大,同样倾角的不连续面在巷道不同部位的激活深度也并不相同。采用岩体断裂力学的理论,分析了临空不连续面横向翼形裂纹扩展的模式,认为产生翼形裂纹最大可能的部位就是激活临界点。因此,巷道围岩中最大可能的破坏区深度即为不连续面的激活深度。  相似文献   

基于理论模型与美国经验证据的城市增长序贯模式(英文)     

盛科荣  孙威  樊杰 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,(6)

City growth patterns are attracting more attention in urban geography studies. This paper examines how cities develop and grow in the upper tail of size distribution in a large-scale economy based on a theoretical model under new economic geography framework and the empirical evidence from the US. The results show that cities grow in a sequential pattern. Cities with the best economic conditions are the first to grow fastest until they reach a critical size, then their growth rates slow down and the smaller cities farther down in the urban hierarchy become the fastest-growing ones in sequence. This paper also reveals three related features of urban system. First, the city size distribution evolves from low-level balanced to primate and finally high-level balanced pattern in an inverted U-shaped path. Second, there exist persistent discontinuities, or gaps, between city size classes. Third, city size in the upper tail exhibits conditional convergence characteristics. This paper could not only contribute to enhancing the understanding of urbanization process and city size distribution dynamics, but also be widely used in making effective policies and scientific urban planning.  相似文献   

On zero-thickness interface elements for diffusion problems     

J. M. Segura  I. Carol 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2004,28(9):947-962

The present study focuses on the hydraulic behaviour of joints, and, specially, on its numerical implementation in terms of the FEM analysis using a discrete fracture flow approach. Fluid flow through discontinuities has traditionally been modelled using special elements of zero-thickness, which we can classify into single, double and triple-nodded. Single node elements are the simplest and consist of ‘line’ or ‘pipe’ elements which are superimposed onto the standard continuum mesh and that can only model the longitudinal conductivity through the discontinuity. On the other hand, some authors have included the influence of a transversal conductivity, and the subsequent localized potential drop, by using triple node interface elements. In those, the two nodes of the adjacent continuum elements represent the potentials in the pore system on each side of the interface, and a third node in the middle represents the average potential of the fluid in the channel represented by the discontinuity. Finally, double node interface elements have also been proposed, which have the advantage of making it possible to use the same FE mesh for both mechanical and flow analysis. In some cases the influence of a transversal conductivity is not considered and, therefore, although geometrically double-nodded, these elements belong to the single node type and when time comes to solve the system the two nodes must have the same potential, which can only be obtained by the ‘trick’ of prescribing the equivalence of these two d.o.f. before solving the global system of equations. This limitation may, however, be avoided by assuming that the potential in the channel is the average of the two sides of the interface. Based in this simple assumption, an alternative flow interface model has been recently developed and implemented, which preserves both longitudinal and transversal conductivities. An application example is developed and solved with the three types of interfaces described. The results offer useful information regarding the range of applicability and limitations of the new double-nodded interface element proposed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A depth-dependent study of the topographic rectification of tidal currents     

Daniel G. Wright  John W. Loder 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(3-4):169-220

Abstract

A depth-dependent model for the topographic rectification of tidal currents in a homogeneous rotating fluid is used to examine the dependence of the rectified mean flow on various tidal, topographic and frictional parameters. Friction is parameterized through a vertically-uniform, time-independent vertical eddy viscosity and a bottom stress law applied near the top of the constant stress layer. The model neglects the interaction of mean and tidal currents, assumes uniformity along isobaths, and is closed with the assumption of zero depth-averaged mean flow across isobaths.

In the limit of depth-independence, the model reduces to that considered by Huthnance (1973) and Loder (1980) which, for weak friction, favours anticyclonic mean circulation around shallow regions and Lagrangian flow which is significantly reduced from the Eulerian. With the inclusion of vertical structure, the magnitude of the anticyclonic flow is amplified suggesting that depth-independent models may underestimate the along-isobath flow. For strong friction the direction of the mean flow depends on the orientation of the tidal ellipse relative to the isobaths. The depthindependent model again underestimates the magnitude of the along-isobath flow, but this can be offset with an appropriate reduction of the bottom friction coefficient.

The cross-isobath mean flows are one to two orders of magnitude weaker than the along-isobath flows and generally have more vertical structure. There is also a significant Stokes drift in the cross-isobath direction. Although there is some tendency for the cross-isobath mean bottom current to be down the cross-isobath mean pressure gradient, it appears that it is not generally possible to infer this current from depth-independent models.  相似文献   

约束变密度界面反演方法   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张盛  孟小红 《地球物理学进展》2013,28(4)

三维密度界面反演具有严重的多解性,已有方法较少利用已知信息约束反演过程,导致界面反演结果可信度降低.本文在反演过程中,利用已有地质信息作为约束条件,有效提高了三维界面反演结果的准确性.该方法具有如下特点:1)利用指数变密度模型,通过已知密度分布计算模型参数,使其更加接近实际密度分布;2)引入已知深度点约束,提高了反演结果的准确性;3)引入深度加权函数,纠正界面畸变,使其适用于界面起伏较大的情况;4)频率域正演与空间域迭代反演相结合,在提高计算速度的同时保证反演收敛.通过模型检验,证实了方法的有效性,并将该方法应用于中蒙边境地区东段莫霍面深度反演中,效果良好.  相似文献   

基于数字近景摄影测量的岩体结构面几何信息解算模型   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王凤艳  陈剑平  杨国东  孙丰月  姜琦刚 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2012,42(6):1839-1846

为了快速、全面地获取岩体随机结构面信息而提高稳定性评价工作,在数字近景摄影测量测取结构面空间坐标的基础上,应用立体几何、方位概念和投影变换理论,提出并建立了基于空间坐标的结构面迹线三维模型、任一投影展示面的迹线二维模型和详细判据的产状解算模型。迹线三维模型数据更加详实展示迹线分布状况,迹线二维模型数据又能获得任一重要投影面的迹线信息并突显迹线物理意义;应用误差理论,探讨了基于数字近景摄影测量的产状解算模型获取产状的精度。实验表明,在数字近景摄影测量建立边坡三维模型点位测量精度≤2 cm时,能够解决近似线状结构面的产状获取问题。因此,岩体结构面几何信息解算模型与数字近景摄影测量相结合,可采集到更为全面的结构面几何信息并用于岩体稳定性评价。  相似文献   

结构面抗剪强度参数线性拟合方法适用性研究     

雍睿  唐辉明  胡新丽  李长冬  黄磊 《岩土力学》2012,33(Z2):118-124

针对岩体结构面力学参数的重要性,开展最小二乘法、点群中心法、随机-模糊法、可靠度分析法4种结构面抗剪强度参数线性回归方法的理论对比与分析。在传统点群中心法的基础上,提出求解过程严密、计算精度较高的改进优化算法。为保证可靠度分析法中验算点法参数初始赋值的准确性,提出基于可靠度理论的结构面抗剪强度参数c, 的均值、标准差优化赋值方法。以武隆县鸡尾山滑坡为例,比较不同岩体结构面数据条件下上述4种方法的适用性。结果表明,各方法的适用性与试验数据的离散性及数据量有关;当数据线性理想时,4种方法均可直接用于结构面抗剪强度参数的线性回归分析;当试验数据较离散时,点群中心法已不再适用,可根据工程要求、异常值情况和计算收敛情况选取合适的数据处理方法。  相似文献   

基于高维连续小波变换的地震资料不连续性检测方法研究          下载免费PDF全文

王晓凯  高静怀  陈文超  杨长春  朱振宇 《地球物理学报》2016,59(9):3394-3407

断层等不连续性结构的检测在地震勘探中具有重要的意义.本文简单介绍了高维连续小波变换的基本理论,包括:高维连续小波变换的定义、高维小波变换系数的切片以及快速实现方法等,利用典型的合成信号说明了高维连续小波变换具有更好的方向选择性(相比于常用的高维张量积小波变换),将高维连续小波变换引入地震资料不连续性检测,并提出了利用小尺度高维连续小波变换系数检测地震资料不连续性的方法,同时给出了方法的实现流程.合成信号以及实际三维地震数据处理效果验证了本文所提方法的有效性.  相似文献   

Effects of Fe and Al incorporations on the bridgmanite–postperovskite coexistence domain     

Xianlong Wang  Taku Tsuchiya  Zhi Zeng 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2019,351(2-3):141-146

The postperovskite phase transition of Fe and Al-bearing MgSiO₃ bridgmanite, the most aboundant mineral in the Earth's lower mantle, is believed to be a key to understanding seismological observations in the D″ layer, e.g., the discontinuous changes in seismic wave velocities. Experimentally reported phase transition boundaries of Fe and Al-bearing bridgmanite are currently largely controversial and generally suggest wide two-phase coexistence domains. Theoretical simulations ignoring temperature effects cannot evaluate correctly two-phase coexistence domains under high-temperature. We show high-pressure and high-temperature phase transition boundaries for various compositions with geophysically relevant impurities of Fe²⁺SiO₃, Fe³⁺Fe³⁺O₃, Fe³⁺Al³⁺O₃, and Al³⁺Al³⁺O₃ derived from the ab initio finite-temperature free energies calculated combining the internally consistent LSDA + U method and a lattice dynamics approach. We found that at ～ 2500 K, incorporations accompanied by Fe³⁺ expand the two-phase coexistence domains distinctly, implying that D″ seismic discontinuities likely arise from the phase transition of Fe²⁺-bearing bridgmanite.  相似文献   

岩体结构面新型本构模型研究     

徐磊  任青文 《岩土力学》2011,32(Z1):217-224

对于涉及需要单独考虑岩体结构面的工程岩体结构分析,采用能反映岩体结构面主要力学特性的合理的本构模型是取得合理解答的关键问题之一。针对在经典连续介质力学理论框架内建立岩体结构面本构模型的缺点,基于岩体结构面的实际受力变形特性,采用直接法建立了一种新型岩体结构面本构模型。所建立的模型依据岩体结构面切向应力变形曲线及剪胀曲线的实际特征,将其分为峰前线性段、峰前非线性段以及峰后软化段,并分别给出了用于描述岩体结构面变形和强度等主要力学特性的数学模型,进而推导建立了结构面各变形阶段的增量型本构模型。最后,编写相关计算程序,采用所建立的新型本构模型以及被广泛采用的Plesha模型对经典的岩体结构面直剪试验成果进行拟合分析。结果表明,所建立的新型本构模型能更为合理的描述岩体结构面的主要力学特性,且模拟能力优于Plesha模型  相似文献