失水对海洋沉积物磁学性质的影响     

李明坤  欧阳婷萍  田成静  朱照宇  唐志华  彭学超  邱燕  钟和贤． 《热带地理》2016,36(3):438-447

为了探究沉积物的干燥过程及方式对其磁学性质的影响,选取含水率高的南海沉积物样品,对其中685个样品在自然条件下逐步晾干,并每间隔40 d测量1次低频磁化率（κlf）、高频磁化率（κhf）、饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）、S-300和频率磁化率系数（κfd）,共测量5次;对另外60个样品进行冷冻干燥,并在干燥前后测量相同的磁学参数。结果表明：1）自然晾干过程中,除少数异常点（约7%）外,大多数样品的κlf和κhf呈减小趋势,少数样品呈增大趋势,S-300和κfd均呈减小趋势,SIRM先减后增,整体上呈增大趋势;2）冷冻干燥过程中,样品的κlf、κhf、S-300和κfd呈增大趋势,SIRM呈减小趋势;3）2种干燥方法均不影响κlf、κhf、SIRM和S-300的剖面变化趋势,但对κfd的影响较大,这在磁学指标的古环境研究中具有关键的指示意义。磁学参数的变化,可能是由于失水过程发生的微弱氧化作用、失水导致水的抗磁性“负贡献”降低、细粒磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿在湿润状态下转变成顺磁性和不完全反铁磁性等综合因素造成的。建议对同一批次的样品采取相同的干燥方法。  相似文献   

A wetting and drying algorithm with a combined pressure/free-surface formulation for non-hydrostatic models     

S.W. Funke  C.C. Pain  S.C. Kramer  M.D. Piggott 《Advances in water resources》2011,34(11):1483-1495

A wetting and drying method for free-surface problems for the three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic Navier–Stokes equations is proposed. The key idea is to use a horizontally fixed mesh and to apply different boundary conditions on the free-surface in wet and dry zones. In wet areas a combined pressure/free-surface kinematic boundary condition is applied, while in dry areas a positive water level and a no-normal flow boundary condition are enforced. In addition, vertical mesh movement is performed to accurately represent the free-surface motion. Non-physical flow in the remaining thin layer in dry areas is naturally prevented if a Manning–Strickler bottom drag is used. The treatment of the wetting and drying processes applied through the boundary condition yields great flexibility to the discretisation used. Specifically, a fully unstructured mesh with any finite element choice and implicit time discretisation method can be applied. The resulting method is mass conservative, stable and accurate. It is implemented within Fluidity-ICOM [1] and verified against several idealized test cases and a laboratory experiment of the Okushiri tsunami.  相似文献   

Continuous determination of drying-path SWRC of fine-grained soils     

《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(1):28-35

Establishing the soil water retention curve, SWRC or the soil water characteristic curve, SWCC, is very useful for determination of unsaturated properties of soils. However, it has been observed that SWRC of a soil is not unique and depends on various factors such as the initial moisture content, density of soil, method of compaction, soil fabric and the path (drying or wetting) adopted for establishing it. In this context, many techniques and instruments have been employed by earlier researchers for determination of the SWRC of soils. However, these techniques entail weighing of the samples during prolonged testing, manually, and hence yield discrete data points. In this situation, AquaSorp® Isotherm Generator (manufactured by Decagon Devices Inc., USA) has been found to be quite useful for continuous determination of the drying-path SWRC of fine-grained soils. This device has been primarily employed for food products, powders and amorphous materials. Hence, demonstration of the utility and limitations of this device for SWRC determination of fine-grained soils becomes essential. With this in mind, extensive studies were conducted on commercially available soils (Kaolinite and Bentonite) by employing this device. In order to understand the influence of specimen specific parameters on the obtained SWRCs, the molding water content and thickness of the specimens were varied and the results have been evaluated critically. Details of the methodology adopted for these investigations, and the findings of the study are presented in this technical note. Based on a critical comparison of the results obtained from this device with those obtained from the dewpoint potentiameter, WP4®, the utility of this device for continuous determination of drying-path SWRC of the soils has also been demonstrated.  相似文献   

1951-2005年中国区域气候变化与干旱化趋势   总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27  

马柱国  任小波 《气候变化研究进展》2007,3(4):195-201

摘 要：利用1951-2006年中国区域160个站的月降水及月平均气温资料,对中国区域近56 a气候要素的变化及其与干旱化联系的事实进行了分析。结果表明：降水减少的地区主要位于我国北方的西北东部、华北及东北;在南方,西南的降水减少趋势与上述地区具有类似特征。气温基本为增温趋势,而西北东部及西南地区气温也在20世纪80年代发生转折性变化,由80年代中期以前的降温趋势转为其后的增温趋势。地表湿润指数分析的结果指出：我国西北东部、华北、东北及西南地区当前正处于一个干旱化过程,但不同地区干湿变化特征及干旱化的持续时间和位相却有差别。  相似文献   

The occurrence of Greigite in sediments from Loch Lomond     

Ian Snowball  Roy Thompson 《第四纪科学杂志》1988,3(2):121-125

Greigite has been identified in the sediments of Loch Lomond using X-ray diffraction. Greigite is the dominant magnetic mineral in the oldest sediments recovered, while magnetite predominates in the younger sediments which had previously been used for palaeomagnetic secular variation studies. A layer of sediment in between these two magnetic mineral regimes has very low magnetic concentrations, probably as a consequence of magnetite dissolution associated with sulphide rich pore-waters produced at the time of a marine incursion. The greigite largely oxidises once the sediment is exposed to air, but if freeze dried the greigite becomes surprisingly stable. Following freeze drying the greigite can be heated to 280°C in air before it alters and loses its strong ferrimagnetic properties.  相似文献   

Temporal fluctuations of water repellency in forest soils of Galicia,NW Spain. Do soil samples dried at laboratory reflect the potential soil water repellency?     

M. Rodríguez‐Alleres  E. Benito 《水文研究》2012,26(8):1179-1187

Water repellency is a widespread property of Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus forest soils in NW Spain and is particularly severe during the summer dry conditions. The aim of this work was to compare actual water repellency at field‐moist samples with potential water repellency after drying at 25 and 105 °C in samples collected at different times of year under four forest soils. Also, we investigated whether drying at 25 or 105 °C led to repellency values comparable to the highest levels reached under field conditions in the summer with a view to developing an appropriate sampling protocol towards estimating the maximum possible water repellency of a given soil as a key to establishing its environmental effects. The actual and potential water repellency was determined by using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) and molarity of an ethanol drop (MED) tests. Clear seasonal patterns of water repellency were observed from the results for the four forest soils, peaking in the dry period and disappearing after prolonged wet periods. Water repellency lasts longer in sandy loam soils than in more finely textured soils, and also under eucalyptus than under pine forests. Drying soil samples at 25 or 105 °C increased water repellency, as measured with the WDPT method, in the four soils, but especially in the non‐repellent samples collected during the wet period. The increase was more marked in the sandy loam soils than in the more finely textured soils, and also after drying at 105 °C than at 25 °C. MED measurements exposed a common trait in the four soils; thus, the water repellency values obtained under field conditions in summer invariably exceeded those obtained after drying at 25 or 105 °C. In addition, the repellency values for dried samples collected in the wet period were never comparable to the maximum levels observed under field conditions in the summer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

土壤干旱对作物生长过程和产量影响的研究进展   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

赵鸿  李凤民  熊友才  王润元  杨启国  邓振镛 《干旱气象》2008,26(3):67-71

水分短缺是作物生长中最大的限制因子,土壤干旱胁迫使植物的长势、生理机制、激素水平等都会发生一系列变化。在干旱半干旱地区,土壤水分亏缺能明显抑制作物根系和地上部生长,显著降低作物的生物量、产量和收获指数。禾谷类作物小麦（Triticum aestivum）在灌浆期遇到水分胁迫时,会引起光合速率降低、灌浆时间缩短、灌浆速率下降、植株老化提前,但是它能增加营养组织到籽粒中非结构性碳水化合物的再代谢。土壤水分和植物激素共同调控作物的灌浆过程,当遇到土壤干旱时,作物叶片、花、籽粒发育过程中植物生长调节剂ABA浓度明显增加,且ABA、乙烯、ACC等的浓度随着干旱程度而变化。植物对干旱的适应性主要表现在植物生理、形态上的改变,比如植株结构、干物质积累、植物组织渗透势、气孔导度等的变化。土壤干旱不利于植物生长,但有利于胁迫临界点的产生,这就有可能利用土壤干旱条件下在灌浆较慢时诱导整个植株衰老和更好地进行碳代谢来提高籽粒产量,如果在作物灌浆后期适度控制土壤干旱可以增加籽粒产量和收获指数,有助于农业生产中的节水,这对于发展可持续农业是迫切需要的。  相似文献   

复杂边界及实际地形上溃坝洪水流动过程模拟   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

夏军强  王光谦  LIN Bin-liang  谈广鸣 《水科学进展》2010,21(3):289-298

建立了基于无结构三角网格下采用有限体积法求解的二维水动力学模型,用于模拟溃坝洪水在复杂边界及实际地形上的流动过程。该模型采用Roe格式的近似Riemann解计算界面水流通量,结合空间方向的TVD-MUSCL格式及时间方向的预测-校正格式,可使模型在时空方向具有二阶计算精度。模型中引入最小水深概念,提出了有效的干湿界面处理方法。模拟了理想条件下溃坝水流过程,研究不同最小水深取值对干河床上洪水演进的影响,并用两组简单溃坝水流的水槽试验资料对模型进行验证。采用该模型模拟了实际溃坝洪水的流动过程,所得计算结果与实测资料及已有模型计算结果较为符合。  相似文献   

The impact of cyclic wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of stabilized expansive soils   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

S. M. Rao  B. V. V. Reddy  M. Muttharam 《Engineering Geology》2001,60(1-4):223-233

Black cotton soil (BCS) deposits, stabilized with waste materials-wood-ash and organic matter (leaves, grass, etc.) exist in BCS areas of North Karnataka, India. These ash-modified soils (AMS) are apparently stabilized by hydrated lime produced by biochemical, dissolution, and hydration reactions. The influence of cyclic wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of wood-ash-modified BCS and laboratory lime-treated BCS specimens are examined in this study. Such a study is required to assess the long-term behaviour of chemically stabilized soils in geotechnical applications. Cyclic wetting and drying caused the AMS specimens to become more porous and less saturated. Consequently, the cyclically wetted and dried (or desiccated) AMS specimens collapsed significantly at the experimental flooding pressures. The beneficial effects of lime-stabilization of the BCS specimens were also partially lost in cyclically wetting and drying them. The clay contents of the lime-treated BCS specimens increased on cyclic wetting and drying. The increased clay contents in turn, affected their Atterberg limits and swell–shrink potentials. Partial loss of inter-particle cementation, increased porosity, and reduced degree of saturation, also imparted small to moderate collapse potentials to the desiccated lime-treated BCS specimens.  相似文献   

粘土干湿循环中裂缝演变过程的数值模拟   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

沈珠江  邓刚 《岩土力学》2004,25(Z2):1-6

在非饱和土简化固结理论基础上,对粘土在干湿过程中,表面裂缝从形成、发展到闭合的发展过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果说明,本文采用的基于非饱和简化固结理论的计算方法是可行、实用的.  相似文献