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41.
Harmful algal bloom species and phosphate-processing effluent: field and laboratory studies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In 2002, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection began discharging phosphate-processing effluent into Bishop Harbor, an estuary within Tampa Bay. Because of concerns that the effluent would serve as a nutrient source for blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, a field monitoring program was established and laboratory bioassays were conducted. Several harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, including Prorocentrum minimum and Heterosigma akashiwo, were observed in bloom concentrations adjacent to the effluent discharge site. Blooms of diatoms were widespread throughout Bishop Harbor. K. brevis was observed with cell concentrations decreasing with increasing proximity to the effluent discharge site. Bioassays using effluent as a nutrient source for K. brevis resulted in decreased cell yields, increased growth rates, and increased time to log-phase growth. The responses of HAB species within Bishop Harbor and of K. brevis to effluent in bioassays suggested that HAB species differ in their response to phosphate-processing effluent. 相似文献
42.
The use of kaolinite‐based clay minerals as a low‐cost natural adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) from electroplating waste leachate was studied. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of varying adsorbent loading, initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Box–Behnken design with three variables like initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time at three different levels was studied to identify a significant correlation between the effects of these variables to the amount of Cu(II) adsorbed. The methodology identifies the principal experimental variables, which have the greatest effect on the adsorption process. After optimizing the input variables by using Simplex algorithm, the adsorption of Cu(II) was maximal (99.9% with a maximum (positive) standard deviation of 9.4) at pH 6.24, adsorbent dosage of 0.83 g L?1, and contact time of 97 min, respectively. Furthermore, the experimental values are in good agreement with predicted values, the correlation coefficient and adjusted correlation coefficients were found to be 0.96 and 0.87, respectively. 相似文献
43.
Population growth in urban areas is putting pressure on sewage treatment plants. The improper treatment of sewage entering the aquatic ecosystems causes deterioration of the water quality of the receiving water body. The effect of sewage effluent on the Sand River was assessed. Eight sampling sites were selected, site 1 and 2 were upstream of the sewage treatment plant along the urbanised area of Polokwane, whilst sites 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were downstream. The physico-chemical parameters and coliform counts in the water samples were determined. The suitability of the water for irrigation was also determined. Hierarchical average linkage cluster analysis produced two clusters, grouping two sites above the sewage treatment works and six sites downstream of the sewage effluent discharge point. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified total nitrogen, total phosphorus, conductivity and salinity as the major factors contributing to the variability of the Sand River water quality. These factors are strongly associated with the downstream sites. Canonial correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated the macroinvertebrates, Chironomidae, Belastomatidae, Chaoborus and Hirudinea being strongly associated with nitrogen, phosphorus, conductivity and temperature. Escherichia coli levels in the Polokwane wastewater treatment works maturation ponds, could potentially lead to contamination of the Polokwane aquifer. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio was between 1.5 and 3.0 and residual sodium carbonate was below 1.24 Meq/l, indicating that the Sand River water is still suitable for irrigation. The total phosphorus concentrations fluctuated across the different site. Total nitrogen concentrations showed a gradual decrease downstream from the point of discharge. This shows that the river still has a good self-purification capacity. 相似文献
44.
在2008年4～8月温升季节,对大亚湾核电厂进水口和排水口附近水体4个测站浮游植物种类组成进行了逐月调查,以评估温排水对海区浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果表明获得的网采浮游植物有1 17种,其中硅藻为该海区的主要种类,其次是甲藻;甲藻与硅藻的种数比为64:36.比较分析了核电厂进水口和排水口外水体浮游植物群落差异,结果显示温排水区水体浮游植物密度有增加趋势,在4～8月份增加的细胞密度总平均值为17 492×103 cells/m3,平均密度是排水口站位的2.73倍,没有迹象表明温排水导致排水口站位上浮游植物细胞密度降低.不相似性分析结果表明导致核电厂进、排水口水体浮游植物细胞密度差异的主要贡献种是硅藻;在排水口外水体中甲藻种数减少,但其细胞密度未见明显变化,显示冷却水系统对甲藻的损害.调查结果表明:除6月份外,核电厂排水口外水体的浮游植物均匀度指数和种类多样性指数普遍降低,其降幅分别达到0.15(0.03 ～0.22)和0.54(0.23 ～0.92);水温和盐度测定结果表明核电厂温排水区调查站位水体平均温升不高于2℃,且各站间盐度差不大.但是,6月份特大暴雨后各调查站位水温、盐度结构出现很大变化,各站之间表层水温温差缩小,仅在0.1℃左右,站位间盐度差拉大,最大差值达6.9;同时,核电厂温排水对浮游植物群落的影响随之减弱,排水口站位上的浮游植物均匀度和种类多样性指数均高于进水口站位的对应值. 相似文献
45.
H. J. Cranfield 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(1):63-69
The effect of experimental method on the settlement pattern of Ostrea Iutaria was tested. The intensity of settlement differed with the type of settlement surface and the angle of the surface. The method of arranging the plates, in series or singly, was critical in determining the variation of spatfall with surface angle; the type of plate had no effect on this. Possibly, a factor such as turbulence differences within the plate units affecting free‐swimming larvae about to settle could account for the different settlement patterns but whether these could be caused by a reversal of iesponses or to some passive concentraton mechanism is unknown. Similar variation in experimental techniques probably accounts for most of the conflict in previous reports on the pattern of oyster settlement related to surface angle. 相似文献
46.
人工快速渗滤复合系统处理洗浴污水的试验研究 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
针对传统污水快速渗滤土地处理系统水力负荷低，占地面积大的弱点，提出了采用人工砂和天然砂作为渗滤介质建立复合系统的试验方案，并以洗浴污水为研究对象进行了5个月的室内试验研究。结果表明，复合系统具有较高的水力负荷和较好的去污效果，其COD，BOD5，SS和阴离子洗涤剂（以MBAS代表）的平均去除率分别为86.25%,86.75%,98.95%和90.86%。处理出水中COD，BOD5，SS和阴离子洗涤剂的平均浓度分别为17.30,5.84,0.3和0.18mg/l。 相似文献
47.
Transient models are needed to analyze time-dependent problems like hyperfiltration associated with head differences across clay barriers. Hyperfiltration (solute-sieving) effects create an increased concentration of natural groundwater solutes outside the clay barrier due to the inward head gradient. The purpose of our model is to predict solute buildup and distribution during hyperfiltration providing a basis for time analysis of solute migration. Required input parameters for the model include membrane properties like reflection coefficient, hydraulic conductivity, and solute concentration on the high-pressure side of the membrane before the onset of steady state, solution flux, and the effluent concentration. Model verification is based on published experimental results. The transient hyperfiltration model presented herein may prove useful in elucidating clay membrane (hyperfiltration) effects in the subsurface, however the sole purpose of this paper is to develop a transient model of hyperfiltration effects and test it by using published experimental data. 相似文献
48.
M. McArdle A. Elskus A. McElroy B. Larsen W. Benson D. Schlenk 《Marine environmental research》2000,50(1-5):175-179
Recent studies demonstrating feminization of effluent-exposed wild-caught male fish in the UK have prompted much research regarding the estrogenic activity of effluent from municipal sewage treatment plants (MSTPs). To investigate the estrogenicity and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) induction potency of MSTP effluent, two species of fish, adult male mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus, and juvenile sunshine bass, Morone saxatilis x Morone chrysops, were exposed to un-chlorinated effluent (75% effluent, 25% seawater) from a large MSTP in Yonkers, NY, USA. After a 21-day static-daily (75%) renewal exposure, significant elevations over controls were observed in levels of vitellogenin (VtG) in plasma (1730%) and liver (131%) in effluent-exposed sunshine bass. In contrast, hepatic VtG was not elevated in mummichogs; plasma VtG was not measured in this species. Effluent exposure elevated hepatic CYP1A protein (140-145%) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity (408-598%) in both species. These findings suggest ontogenetic and/or species differences in response to estrogenic compounds in MSTP effluent. Furthermore, the elevation of CYP1A in response to sewage effluent exposure indicates the presence of additional compounds that may alter xenobiotic and/or steroid biotransformation in fish. 相似文献
49.
G. J. MURTAGH 《水文研究》1996,10(9):1139-1145
An effluent re-use system is examined in which all effluent was stored until it could be used for the irrigation of crops, the storage having sufficient capacity to limit overloading to one in ten years. Three methods for estimating the required storage capacity were compared using climate data from four locations in New South Wales, Australia. A daily soil water budget identified the irrigation opportunities, and a storage subroutine in the budget calculated the peak storage requirement in each year The first method used the ninth decile in the cumulative probability distribution of the annual peak storage requirements as a direct estimate of the storage capacity with a 10% frequency of overloading. The other methods used the peak storage requirement in selected design years. These represented years with either the tenth smallest annual irrigation potential or the tenth largest annual rainfall. Methods which used design years tended to underestimate the storage requirements because the indices did not assess the daily distribution of rainfall within a month or year. Although the overload frequency was set at 10%, the overload was less than 2% of the total volume of effluent because overloading did not occur throughout the year. 相似文献
50.
混凝和膜分离联用处理制药废水二级出水中试试验 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
对东北制药总厂废水处理厂的二级出水采用混凝-超滤-反渗透膜工艺进行中试处理研究。试验结果表明：混凝工艺对浊度和COD的去除率分别在62.0％和22.3％以上;超滤工艺对浊度和COD的去除率分别在87.4％和54.5％以上;反渗透工艺产水脱盐率在97.6％以上。工艺出水满足循环用水水质指标,工艺运行稳定。 相似文献