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971.
ABSTRACTFloodplains are composed of complex depositional patterns of ancient and recent stream sediments, and research is needed to address the manner in which coarse floodplain materials affect stream–groundwater exchange patterns. Efforts to understand the heterogeneity of aquifers have utilized numerous techniques typically focused on point-scale measurements; however, in highly heterogeneous settings, the ability to model heterogeneity is dependent on the data density and spatial distribution. The objective of this research was to investigate the correlation between broad-scale methodologies for detecting heterogeneity and the observed spatial variability in stream/groundwater interactions of gravel-dominated alluvial floodplains. More specifically, this study examined the correlation between electrical resistivity (ER) and alluvial groundwater patterns during a flood event at a site on Barren Fork Creek, in the Ozark ecoregion of Oklahoma, USA, where chert gravels were common both as streambed and as floodplain material. Water table elevations from groundwater monitoring wells for a flood event on 1–5 May 2009 were compared to ER maps at various elevations. Areas with high ER matched areas with lower water table slope at the same elevation. This research demonstrated that ER approaches were capable of indicating heterogeneity in surface water–groundwater interactions, and that these heterogeneities were present even in an aquifer matrix characterized as highly conductive. Portions of gravel-dominated floodplain vadose zones characterized by high hydraulic conductivity features can result in heterogeneous flow patterns when the vadose zone of alluvial floodplains activates during storm events.
EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR X. Chen 相似文献
972.
973.
利用震后可以快速获取的余震信息,迅快速判定出地震重灾区的范围,为震后快速应急救援提供决策服务是十分重要的。本文利用甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震后12小时余震分布,以1小时为单位,分时段绘制余震空间分布图,结合居民点的空间分布、发震断层走向和地形地貌条件,与实际考察得到的烈度图进行比较,初步得出以下认识:震后3小时左右余震分布集中的区域可能是破坏最严重的地区;沿余震展布方向需要考虑震区地形地貌和降雨等次生灾害因素所引起的破坏;由余震分布范围来确定重灾区时,长轴方向需要参考发震断层的走向进行调整;依据震区居民点分布密度调整重灾区位置;考虑各种致灾因素的影响,综合判定重灾区的范围。 相似文献
974.
采用Bouc-Wen模型模拟铅芯橡胶支座(LRB)非线性力学性能,建立LRB基础隔震储罐地震反应的数值模型.利用叠加原理得到人工合成近断层脉冲型地震动,从实际典型近断层地震动和人工近断层脉冲地震动输入两个角度出发,以远场地震反应为参照,系统探讨了近断层地震动作用下LRB隔震储罐地震反应特点以及近断层地震动运动特征的影响规律.研究发现,近断层地震动作用下LRB隔震储罐地震反应明显大于远场地震反应值,显著的近断层脉冲效应是隔震储罐设计不容忽视的问题.近断层地震动的PGV/PGA值是决定隔震储罐地震反应的综合指标,PGV/PGA值较大时,隔震储罐地震反应脉冲效应突出.另外,脉冲周期、脉冲参与系数以及脉冲类型也是影响LRB隔震储罐地震反应的重要因素.在脉冲参与系数越大、含有脉冲数量越多的近断层地震动作用下,隔震储罐地震反应越强烈.当脉冲周期接近储罐晃动周期时,晃动波高会出现峰值. 相似文献
975.
如何从卫星热红外遥感影像中提取出可靠的、能够验证的、与构造活动有关的热信息,是利用热红外信息研究构造现今活动亟待完善的问题之一.从信息提取的角度看,地震前后所对应的物理变化最为强烈,同震热响应可能是利用热信息探索现今构造活动潜在的突破点.本文以MODIS/Terra和MODIS/Aqua两颗卫星的地表温度为基础,探索汶川地震同震热响应.首先,去除了由地形等静态因素和太阳年周期组成的稳定背景;其次,去除大气环流的影响,获得由本地因素产生的原地温度场.最后,在原地温度场中,发现了汶川地震的同震温度响应.经过检验,上述温度响应的空间展布形态与发震断层的活动方式产生的力学效应吻合.从应力变化与温度响应的关系看,本文相当于借助热信息获得了汶川地震同震拉张或卸载区的空间展布情况. 相似文献
976.
破坏性地震应急信息处置研究现状简述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
结合地震应急实例,分析了对破坏性地震应急信息处置的认识,并对国内外有关方面的研究现状进行了简要介绍. 相似文献
977.
2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震灾害特点分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
2013年7月22日在甘肃省定西市岷县-漳县交界地区(34.5°N,104.2°E)发生MS6.6地震,造成95人死亡,中国地震局启动地震应急Ⅱ级响应.根据现场调查,这次地震最高烈度为Ⅷ度.震区建筑90%以上为土木结构和木结构,且多为老旧房屋,抗震性能差.加之震前灾区持续降雨,造成房屋地基和生土墙体支撑强度降低.与其他地震区相比,相同烈度下土木结构和木结构破坏比例偏大,砖结构和砖混结构破坏明显偏轻.降雨加上巨厚的黄土沉积,导致地震滑坡比较严重.由于这些原因,Ⅷ度区范围偏大,Ⅵ区也相对较大.甘肃定西是中国经济欠发达地区之一,土木结构和抗震性能较差的木结构房屋比例过大.震后重建中,建议以砖木结构和砖混结构为主重建灾区. 相似文献
978.
ABSTRACTIn this surface water modelling study, a new spatial evaluation for assessing the impact of urbanization was applied for the semi-arid watersheds intersecting with the Gaza coastal aquifer. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated in a semi-automated approach for streamflow in the main watersheds. The results show that the model could simulate water budget components adequately within the complex semi-arid watersheds. Linear relationships between the change in urban area and the corresponding change in surface runoff or percolation were concluded for the urbanized sub-basins. The urban-surface runoff index (USI) and the urban-percolation index (UPI) were developed to represent a micro-level evaluation of different urban change scenarios in the sub-basins. The global urban-surface runoff index (GUSI) and the global urban-percolation index (GUPI) were derived as macro-level factors reflecting the influence on the overall Gaza coastal aquifer due to urban area expansion.
Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Associate editor E. Rozos 相似文献
979.
《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):629-639
Abstract The lower Araguás catchment, central Pyrenees, is characterized by extensive badlands (25% of the total catchment), whereas the upper catchment is covered by dense plantation forest. The catchment (45 ha) has been monitored since October 2005 with the aim of studying its hydrological response. The 44 floods recorded over this period were analysed to identify the factors that control the rainfall—runoff relationship. The first relevant feature of the catchment was its responsiveness. The catchment reacted to all rainfall events, but the irregular nature of the hydrological response was the most characteristic feature of the response. No single variable could explain the response of the Araguás catchment. It was found that stormflow coefficients mainly depend on the combination of rainfall volume and antecedent baseflow. A significant correlation was observed between maximum rainfall intensity and peak flow values. The shapes of the different hydrographs are very similar, regardless of the peak flow magnitude; they show a short time lag, relatively narrow peak flow, and steep recession limb. This indicates a large contribution by overland flow, resulting mainly from the generation of infiltration excess runoff in badland areas. 相似文献
980.