The influence of antecedent rainfall on Sahelian surface evaporation     

Christopher M Taylor 《水文研究》2000,14(7):1245-1259

This study quantifies the influence of rainfall on surface evaporation in the Sahel. A numerical model of the surface is used to extend the observations taken during the HAPEX–Sahel project, and is forced by 2 years of rain‐gauge data. The model is applied to the Southern Super Site (SSS), which covers an area of less than 100 km². The effects of rainfall variability (spatial and temporal) on soil moisture, vegetation growth and evaporation are explored. Contrasting rainfall conditions between the two years produce observed differences in the timing of the seasonal growth cycle. This correlates well with modelled root‐zone moisture deficits, and exerts a modest influence on transpiration rates. The evolution of surface evaporation is dominated, however, by the bare soil contribution in the day or two after a storm. This component also exerts a strong influence on the spatial variability of fluxes across the SSS, particularly when rain falls only in part of the area. In these cases, differences in evaporation between recently wetted and dry areas can reach 3\5 mm day⁻¹. Observations indicate that during a period of persistent rainfall gradients across the SSS, the lower atmosphere maintained a ‘memory’ of past rainfall patterns through humidity contrasts. These were the result of gradients in surface soil moisture, and therefore evaporation. The model results therefore support the possibility of a positive surface feedback mechanism affecting rainfall patterns in the region. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evaluation and generalization of radiation‐based methods for calculating evaporation     

C.‐Y. Xu  V. P. Singh 《水文研究》2000,14(2):339-349

Eight radiation‐based equations for determining evaporation were evaluated and expressed in five generalized forms. Five evaporation equations (Abtew, Hargreaves, Makkink, Priestley and Taylor and Turc), where each represents one generalized form, were then compared with pan evaporation measured at Changins station in Switzerland. The comparison was first made using the original constant values involved in each equation, and then using the recalibrated constant values. Evaluation of the Priestley and Taylor equation requires net radiation data as input, in this study, net radiation was estimated using Equation (16) owing to the lack of observation data. The results showed that when the original constant values were used, large errors resulted for most of the equations. When recalibrated constant values were substituted for the original constant values, four of the five equations improved greatly, and all five equations performed well for determining mean annual evaporation. For seasonal and monthly evaporation, the Hargreaves and Turc equations showed a significant bias, especially for cold months. With properly determined constant values, the Makkink and modified Priestley and Taylor equations resulted in monthly evaporation values that agreed most closely with pan evaporation in the study region. The simple Abtew equation can also be used when other meteorological data except radiation are not available. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Measurement and modelling evaporation for irrigated crops in north-west Mexico     

Jaime Garatuza-Payan  W. James Shuttleworth  David Encinas  David D. McNeil  John B. Stewart  Henk deBruin  Christopher Watts 《水文研究》1998,12(9):1397-1418

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The effects of possible future climate change on evaporation losses from four contrasting UK water catchment areas     

Gareth Roberts 《水文研究》1998,12(5):727-739

Evaporation losses from four water catchment areas under different land uses and climatic conditions were calculated using formulations developed from small plot studies. These formulations, dependent on rainfall inputs, potential evaporation and air temperature, were extrapolated to the catchment scale using land classifications based on analysing remotely sensed imagery. The approach adopted was verified by comparing the estimated annual evaporation losses with catchment water use, given by the difference between rainfall inputs and stream flow outputs, allowing for changes in soil moisture. This procedure was repeated using modified values of rainfall, potential evaporation and air temperature, as given by a climate change scenario. The computed evaporation losses were used in annual water balances to calculate stream flow losses under the climate change scenario. It was found that, in general, stream flow from areas receiving high rainfall would increase as a result of climate change. For low rainfall areas, a decrease in stream flow was predicted. The largest actual changes in stream flow were predicted to occur during the winter months, although the largest percentage changes will occur during the summer months. The implications of these changes on potable water supply are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

松辽盆地齐家-古龙凹陷凝析油气藏成因     

卢双舫  许凤鸣  申家年  方伟  薛海涛 《地球科学》2007,32(2):209-212

为了阐明齐家-古龙凹陷所发现的凝析油气藏的成因, 结合研究区凝析油气藏所处的地质背景、油油对比认识, 设计进行了原油的热蒸发模拟实验.结果表明, 区内凝析油与下伏的黑油同源, 这暗示了其次生成因; 实验室热蒸发模拟实验支持上部的凝析油为下部黑油的热蒸发作用所产生.这种热蒸发作用可能是通过断层或微裂缝实现的.热蒸发成因将使区内形成大规模的凝析气藏的可能性减小, 勘探的有利目标应该在有利于蒸发作用发生的通道、但目前埋深仍然较大、温压较高的地区.   相似文献   

CLM4.5冠层截留方案的敏感性试验与改进          下载免费PDF全文

陈海山  穆梦圆  尹伊  朱司光  李兴  孙善磊 《大气科学学报》2019,42(3):334-347

为探究陆气系统对于冠层截留过程敏的感性,研究基于NCAR CAM-CLM陆气耦合模式探讨了截留参数对于全球陆地蒸发、降水、径流及气温的可能影响,揭示了冠层截留与植被光合作用之间的潜在联系。通过GLEAMv3.0a陆面蒸散发数据评估了CLM4.5冠层截留方案,并指出该方案高估了低茎叶面积指数植被的冠层蒸发,而低估了高茎叶面积指数植被的冠层蒸发。在CLM4.5中引入冠层截留偏差校正方案则可在一定程度上提高了全球林区冠层蒸发和陆面蒸散发的模拟能力。  相似文献   

秦岭南北潜在蒸发与气温响应关系及其影响因素          下载免费PDF全文

王晓萌  延军平  李双双  晏德莉  万佳 《干旱区地理》2020,43(6):1435-1445

蒸发是水文循环的重要组成部分,精细化蒸发变化与气象要素的响应关系,对中国重要生 态过渡带水资源、生态恢复重建以及社会经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。基于 1970—2017 年 70 个气象站点观测数据,辅以趋势分析和小波相干方法,对秦岭南北气温和潜在蒸发（ET₀）变化特征 进行分析,探讨气象要素与 ET₀ 的响应关系。结果表明：以滑动相关方法为基础,无论是滑动窗口 调整,还是去趋势序列,气温与ET₀均呈现正相关关系,说明秦岭南北气温上升,ET₀ 增加;但是,秦 岭南北气温与ET₀ 相关关系存在时空差异。以 1993 年为时间节点,前期气温和 ET₀相关性呈现增 加趋势,后期则逐渐减弱;空间上西秦岭地区是气温和 ET₀ 的弱相关区。在主导因素上,ET₀对太阳 辐射变化更为敏感,风速并非区域 ET₀ 变化的主导因素,从而导致“蒸发悖论”现象并不突出。多因 素主导 ET₀ 变化,是秦岭南北 ET₀ 与气温响应关系存在时空差异的原因。  相似文献   

利用卫星数据反演海洋蒸发波导的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

焦林  张永刚  张宇  WANG Hua 《海洋技术学报》2007,26(4):58-61

海洋蒸发波导是海洋大气中的一种异常折射结构,通常是由观测站点的传感器数据计算得出。但这种方法只能得到单点的海洋蒸发波导,无法满足我们对大范围海域的海洋信息需求。文中提出了一种利用卫星遥感数据反演海洋蒸发波导的方法,并利用观测站点的数据对反演结果进行订正,从而得到了完整的大面积海区蒸发波导环境。  相似文献   

塔里木河下游区域水面蒸发影响因子敏感性分析     

魏光辉 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2014,8(1)

水面蒸发敏感因素的判断,对于干旱区水资源的规划与利用具有重要指导意义。本文以新疆塔里木河下游铁干里克气象站资料为例,对研究区水面蒸发影响因素进行分析。文章首先采用熵值法对水面蒸发进行敏感性分析,在此基础上运用灰色关联分析法进行验证。结果表明:温度、风速、日照时数这三因素对水面蒸发最为敏感;基于熵值法的敏感因素研究结果与灰色关联分析的结果基本一致,尤其在主要影响因素的判别上。研究结果干旱区水资源规划与利用提供了一种新方法和新思路。  相似文献   

Moisture Sources and Their Contributions to Summer Precipitation in the East of Southwest China          下载免费PDF全文

李永华  黄丁安  卢楚翰  向波  周杰  何卷雄 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2023,29(2):153-167

Complex topography, special geographical location and sea-land-air interactions lead to high interannual variability of summer precipitation in the east of Southwest China (ESWC). However, the contributions, influencing factors and mechanisms of remote and local evaporation remain to be further investigated. Using clustering analysis and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory version 5 model, we analyze the contributions of remote moisture transport and local evaporation to summer precipitation in the ESWC and their causes. There are mainly five remote moisture channels in the ESWC, namely the Arabian Sea channel, Bay of Bengal channel, western Pacific channel, Northwest channel 1 and Northwest channel 2. Among the five channels, the western Pacific channel has the largest number of trajectories, while the Bay of Bengal channel has the largest contribution rate of specific humidity (33.33%) and moisture flux (33.14%). The amount of regional average precipitation is close to that of the precipitation caused by remote moisture transport, and both are considerably greater than the rainfall amount caused by local evaporation. However, on interannual time scales, precipitation recirculation rates are negatively correlated to regional average precipitation and precipitation caused by remote moisture transport but are consistent with that caused by local evaporation. An apparent "+ ? +" wave train can be found on the height anomaly field in East Asia, and the sea surface temperature anomalies are positive in the equatorial Middle-East Pacific, the South China Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. These phenomena cause southwest-northeast moisture transport with strong updrafts, thereby resulting in more precipitation in the ESWC.  相似文献