公共财政应急支持体系构建——以云南大姚地震为例   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

赵要军  陈安 《地震工程学报》2008,30(2):113-116

通过对2003年云南大姚地震中财政应急支持过程的回顾,分析了财政应对地震类突发事件中存在的一系列问题,并结合当前财政应急支持的现状,参照日本灾害救助的经验,提出了完善我国财政应急支持体系的对策建议.  相似文献   

Source process of very-long-period events accompanying long-period signals at Cotopaxi Volcano,Ecuador     

Indira Molina  Hiroyuki Kumagai  Alexander García-Aristizábal  Masaru Nakano  Patricia Mothes 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Renewed seismic activity of Cotopaxi, Ecuador, began in January 2001 with the increased number of long-period (LP) events, followed by a swarm of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes in November 2001. In late June 2002, the activity of very-long-period (VLP) (2 s) events accompanying LP (0.5–1 s) signals began beneath the volcano. The VLP waveform was characterized by an impulsive signature, which was accompanied by the LP signal showing non-harmonic oscillations. We observed temporal changes of both the VLP and LP signals from the beginning until September 2003: The VLP signal gradually disappeared and the LP signal characterized by decaying harmonic oscillations became dominant. Assuming possible source geometries, we applied a waveform inversion method to the observed waveforms of the largest VLP event. Our inversion and particle motion analyses point to volumetric changes of a sub-vertical crack as the VLP source, which is located at a depth of 2–3 km beneath the northeastern flank. The spectral analysis of the decaying harmonic oscillations of LP events shows frequencies between 2.0 and 3.5 Hz, with quality factors significantly above 100. The increased VT activity and deformation data suggest an intrusion of magma beneath the volcano. A release of gases with small magma particles may have repetitively occurred due to the pressurization, which was caused by sustained bubble growth at the magma ceiling. The released particle-laden gases opened a crack above the magma system and triggered the resonance of the crack. We interpret the VLP and LP events as the gas-release process and the resonance of the crack, respectively.  相似文献   

Reconstruction and analysis of sub-plinian tephra dispersal during the 1530 A.D. Soufrière (Guadeloupe) eruption: Implications for scenario definition and hazards assessment     

J.-C. Komorowski  Y. Legendre  B. CaronG. Boudon 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

The last magmatic eruption of Soufrière of Guadeloupe dated at 1530 A.D. (Soufrière eruption) is characterized by an onset with a partial flank-collapse and emplacement of a debris-avalanche that was followed by a sub-plinian VEI 2–3 explosive short-lived eruption (Phase-1) with a column that reached a height between 9 and 12 km producing about 3.9 × 10⁶ m³ DRE (16.3 × 10⁶ m³ bulk) of juvenile products. The column recurrently collapsed generating scoriaceous pyroclastic flows in radiating valleys up to a distance of 5–6 km with a maximum interpolated bulk deposit volume of 11.7 × 10⁶ m³ (5 × 10⁶ m³ DRE). We have used HAZMAP, a numerical simple first-order model of tephra dispersal [Macedonio, G., Costa, A., Longo, A., 2005. A computer model for volcanic ash fallout and assessment of subsequent hazard. Comput. Geosci. 31, 837–845] to reconstruct to a first approximation the potential dispersal of tephra and associated tephra mass loadings generated by the sub-plinian Phase 1 of the 1530 A.D. eruption. We have tested our model on a deterministic average dry season wind profile that best-fits the available data as well as on a set of randomly selected wind profiles over a 5 year interval that allows the elaboration of probabilistic maps for the exceedance of specific tephra mass load thresholds. Results show that in the hypothesis of a future 1530 A.D. scenario, populated areas to a distance of 3–4 km west–southwest of the vent could be subjected to a static load pressure between 2 and 10 kPa in case of wet tephra, susceptible to cause variable degrees of roof damage. Our results provide volcanological input parameters for scenario and event-tree definition, for assessing volcanic risks and evaluating their impact in case of a future sub-plinian eruption which could affect up to 70 000 people in southern Basse-Terre island and the region. They also provide a framework to aid decision-making concerning land management and development. A sub-plinian eruption is the most likely magmatic scenario in case of a future eruption of this volcano which has shown, since 1992, increasing signs of low-energy seismic, thermal, and acid degassing unrest without significant deformation.  相似文献   

Hillslope–channel sediment transfer in a slope failure event: Wet Swine Gill,Lake District,northern England     

R. M. Johnson  J. Warburton  A. J. Mills 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(3):394-413

This paper describes and analyses a hillslope–channel slope failure event that occurred at Wet Swine Gill, Lake District, northern England. This comprised a hillslope slide (180 m³, c. 203 ± 36 t), which coupled with the adjacent stream, resulting in a channelized debris flow and fluvial flood. The timing of the event is constrained between January and March 2002. The hillslope failure occurred in response to a rainfall/snowmelt trigger, on ground recently disturbed by a heather moorland fire and modified by artificial drainage. Slide and flow dynamics are estimated using reconstructed velocity and discharge values along the sediment transfer path. There is a rapid downstream reduction in both maximum velocity, from 9·8 to 1·3 m s^?1; and maximum discharge, ranging from 33·5 to 2·4 m³ s^?1. A volumetric sediment budget quantified a high degree of coupling between the hillslope and immediate channel (～92%: 167 m³), but virtually all of the sediment was retained in the first‐order tributary channel. Approximately 44% (81 m³) of the slide volume was retained in the run‐up deposit, and termination of the debris flow prior to the main river meant that the remainder did not discharge into the fluvial system downstream. These results suggest poor transmission of sediment to the main river at the time of the event, but importantly an increase in available material for post‐event sediment transfer processes within the small upland tributary. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hydrochemical behaviour of dissolved nitrogen and carbon in a headwater stream of the Canadian Shield: relevance of antecedent soil moisture conditions     

Julie M. L. Turgeon  François Courchesne 《水文研究》2008,22(3):327-339

This paper examines the impact of contrasting antecedent soil moisture conditions on the hydrochemical response, here the changes in dissolved nitrogen (NO₃^?, NH₄⁺ and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON)) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, of a first‐order stream during hydrological events. The study was performed in the Hermine, a 5 ha forested watershed of the Canadian Shield. It focused on a series of eight precipitation events (spring, summer and fall) sampled every 2 or 3 h and showing contrasted antecedent moisture conditions. The partition of the eight events between two groups (dry or wet) of antecedent moisture conditions was conducted using a principal component analysis (PCA). The partition was controlled (first axis explained 86% of the variability) by the antecedent streamflow, the streamflow to precipitation ratio Q/P and by the antecedent groundwater depth. The mean H⁺, NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, total dissolved nitrogen and DOC concentrations and electrical conductivity values in the stream were significantly higher following dry antecedent conditions than after wetter conditions had prevailed in the Hermine, although the temporal variability was high (17 to 138%). At the event scale, a significantly higher proportion of the changes in DON, NO₃^?, and DOC concentrations in the stream was explained by temporal variations in discharge compared with the seasonal and annual scales. Two of the key hydrochemical features of the dry events were the synchronous changes in DOC and flow and the frequent negative relationships between discharge and NO₃^?. The DON concentrations were much less responsive than DOC to changes in discharge, whereas NH was not in phase with streamflow. During wet events, the synchronicity between streamflow and DON or NO₃^? was higher than during dry events and discharge and NO₃^? were generally positively linked. Based on these observations, the hydrological behaviour of the Hermine is conceptually compatible with a two‐component model of shallow (DON and DOC rich; variable NO₃^?) and deep (DON and DOC poor; variable NO₃^?) subsurface flow. The high NO₃^? and DOC levels measured at the early stages of dry events reflected the contribution from NO₃^?‐rich groundwaters. The contribution of rapid surface flow on water‐repellent soil materials located close to the stream channel is hypothesized to explain the DOC levels. An understanding of the complex interactions between antecedent soil moisture conditions, the presence of soil nutrients available for leaching and the dynamics of soil water flow paths during storms is essential to explain the fluxes of dissolved nitrogen and carbon in streams of forested watersheds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Streamflow scaling properties: investigating characteristic scales from different statistical approaches   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eric Sauquet  Maria‐Helena Ramos  Laetitia Chapel  Pietro Bernardara 《水文研究》2008,22(17):3462-3475

This paper studies the links between scaling properties of river flow time series by comparing the results of three techniques applied to an extended data set of 34 French discharge gauging stations. The three approaches used are based on different mathematical tools and hypotheses: (1) shape analysis of flood hydrographs; (2) a multifractal framework through spectral and moment analyses, and (3) flood frequency analysis through the fitting of flood duration frequency curves (QdF). The general aim is to test the hypothesis of scaling invariance of river flow and the shape invariance of the hydrographs, in order to investigate the link between scaling properties and flow dynamics. In particular, the coherence between different approaches widely used in the literature to describe these characteristics is evaluated through the estimation of parameters defining the range of time‐scales on which the scaling properties are valid. The results show that most of these timescale parameters are linked to the flow dynamics and suggest that the approaches applied are interrelated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

喀左盆地下白垩统九佛堂组油页岩特征及控矿条件   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王宇林  郭强  肖乾华  王威  杨春  魏恒飞  刘锦 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2009,39(2):211

野外地质调查和岩石学、地球化学研究表明：喀左盆地3个油页岩层群分别发育于下白垩统九佛堂组的一、二、三段,以位于三段的第三油页岩层群的工业意义最大;油页岩常与上覆沉凝灰岩或其它凝灰质岩石呈伴生关系。油页岩（矿石）类型有泥岩、具粉砂质条带的含钙-钙质泥岩、泥灰岩和页岩4种类型,以前两者为主;低品级油页岩体积分数为50％,中品级油页岩体积分数为42％,高品级油页岩体积分数为8％,均属高灰分油页岩。油页岩的有机质类型为腐植-腐泥型,源于低等植物;浅湖-半深湖形成的油页岩（矿石）类型为含粉砂质条带的含钙-钙质泥岩,深湖形成的油页岩（矿石）类型主要为泥岩;物源区母岩类型对油页岩的化学成分特征及灰分成分类型具有明显的控制关系;火山喷发的灾变事件终止了油页岩的成矿作用。  相似文献   

中国区域水汽输送异常与长江流域旱涝的关系     

蒋兴文  李跃清  王鑫 《地理学报(英文版)》2009,19(2):153-163

The characteristics of water vapor transport (WVT) over China and its relationship with precipitation anomalies in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) are analyzed by using the upper-air station data in China and ECMWF reanalysis data in summer from 1981 to 2002. The results indicate that the first mode of the vertically integrated WVT is significant whose spatial distribution presents water vapor convergence or divergence in the YRB. When the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) is strong and shifts southward and westward, the Indian Monsoon Low Pressure (IMLP) is weak, and the northern part of China stands behind the middle and high latitude trough, a large amount of water vapor from the Bay of Bengal (BOB), the South China Sea (SCS) and the western Pacific forms a strong and steady southwest WVT band and meets the strong cold water vapor from northern China in the YRB, thus it is likely to cause flood in the YRB. When WPSH is weak and shifts northward and eastward, IMLP is strong, and there is nearly straight west wind over the middle and high latitude, it is unfavorable for oceanic vapor extending to China and no steady and strong southwest WVT exists in the region south of the YRB. Meanwhile, the cold air from northern China is weak and can hardly be transported to the YRB. This brings on no obvious water vapor convergence, and then less precipitation in the YRB. Foundation: International Technology Cooperation Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, No. 2007DFB20210; Application Technology Research and Development Project of Sichuan Province, No. 2008NG0009; Basic Research Foundation of Institute of Chengdu Plateau, China Meteorological Administration, No.BROP2000802 Author: Jiang Xingwen (1983–), specialized in the study of climate diagnosis.  相似文献   

新疆北疆地区融雪洪水灾害预警模型的建立与验证   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

闫彦  刘志辉  叶朝霞 《干旱区地理》2009,32(4)

结合新疆北疆地区春季融雪洪水的特点以及当地的经济、社会现状,将影响新疆春季融雪洪水灾害大小的主要因素划分为自然、经济、人口、防洪设施贡献四大类因子,对这四大类因子进一步细化,经过量化处理成为相应的指数,综合各类指数,构建出度量融雪洪水灾害大小的预警指数模型.采用呼图壁县军塘湖流域历史洪水灾害资料对该预警指数模型进行验证,得到较好的效果.通过对导致预警产生偏差的影响因素进行分析表明,由于经济因子指数的估计受主观影响较强,该模型无法验证北疆地区所有情况.随着监测的不断深入,并与积雪遥感监测相结合可以进一步提高模型的预测精度.总之,该预警模型的建立有助于新疆春季积雪的监测和评估,可以有效减少春季洪水损失,保护当地人民生命财产安全,为融雪洪水的预警提供决策依据,具有显著的社会效益和经济效益.  相似文献   

江苏里下河地区洪涝灾害演变趋势与成灾机理分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

叶正伟  许有鹏  徐金涛 《地理科学》2009,29(6):880-885

江苏里下河地区是相对封闭的水网地区,洪涝频繁。研究该地区洪涝演变趋势和成灾机理对区域防洪减灾具有重要意义。里下河地区洪涝演变趋势表现在洪涝类型的多样性,高水位日益频繁、高水位发生机率加大,致灾暴雨频率增大等方面。在自然成因方面,流域暴雨是成灾的主要原因,锅底洼的形态是洪涝发生的地貌大背景,水系的复杂格局也加剧了洪涝的程度和频度。在人类活动方面,不合理的圩垸垦殖导致湖荡萎缩,减弱了水体调蓄能力;闸坝建设引起河道淤积、排涝能力降低致使洪水位趋高;城镇化改变下垫面性质的水文效应也是洪涝频繁的主要因素。  相似文献