The Nigerian manganese-rich iron-formations and their host rocks—from sedimentation to metamorphism     

Arno Mücke 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2005,41(5):407-436

This investigation deals with the Nigerian iron-formations and their host rocks and is based on about 560 mineral analyses (electron-microprobe) and 93 whole-rock analyses (64 iron-formations and 29 host rocks). The manganese-rich and Al-bearing iron-formations occurring in various schist belts of the northern and southern part of West-Nigeria consist of the magnetite-free silicate, the magnetite–silicate and the quartz-rich hematite facies.Iron-formations and host rocks originated from submarine-volcanogenic exhalations enriched in Fe, Mn and CO₂ and from Al₂O₃, SiO₂ and alkali (K₂O and Na₂O)-rich continental-derived pelitic to psammitic material. From these sources and their interaction and controlled by the volcanogenic activity, differently composed protoliths were deposited in the marine basin during the Birimian time. Subsequent metamorphism of greenschist to low amphibolite facies conditions during the Eburnian time led to the formation of the metaprotoliths of the magnetite–silicate (consisting of predominantly magnetite and quartz and subordinate of garnet and amphibole), the silicate facies (consisting of garnet, amphibole and rarely Mn-bearing ilmenite and quartz) and the metasediment phyllite. Garnets are predominantly almandine–spessartine solid solutions, whereas amphiboles are Mn and Ca-bearing grunerite–cummingtonite solid solutions. In the course of a second tectono-metamorphic event of Pan-African age, the magnetite–silicate facies iron-formation/phyllite association was transformed into the hematite facies and muscovite/biotite schists, whereas the silicate facies is characterized by extensive silicification features. The hematite facies and the silicified silicate facies are restricted to southern Nigeria where the second and heterogeneous tectono-metamorphic event is more pronounced (amphibolite facies conditions) than in northern Nigeria.The genesis, summarized as the metamorphic model, shows that the carbonate-rich (siderite, rhodochrosite and subordinate magnesite and calcite) protoliths were metamorphically transformed into the silicate and magnetite–silicate facies. The separation of Mn and Fe, leading to manganese-bearing iron-formations and iron-bearing manganese-formations was explained by varying pH-conditions, under which siderite (pH: 6.8–9.4) and rhodochrosite (pH: 9–11) precipitated.Similar to the Gunfit and Biwabik iron-formations of Minnesota, USA, the iron-formation of Bingi (Maru schist belt), now present in the form of the fayalite bearing silicate facies, was overprinted by contact metamorphism caused by a gabbro intrusion.  相似文献   

Discovery of Paleogene palynological assemblages from the Wanbaogou Group-complex in western part of the Eastern Kunlun orogenic belt and its geological significance     

GUO Xianpu  WANG Naiwen  DING Xiaozhong  ZHAO Min  WANG Daning 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(4):358-367

The studied region is located in the Northern Qing- hai-Tibet Plateau, the southern fringe of the Qaidam Basin, about 80 km south away from Golmud City of Qinghai Province (Fig. 1). The Eastern Kunlun oro- genic belt tectonically belongs to a joint zone between the Paleo-Asian Tectonic Domain and the Tethyan- Himalayan Tectonic Domain. Owing to the repeated tectonic movements, its geological structures have become much complicated and the degrees of defor- mation, metamorphism and disl…  相似文献   

塔西南坳陷侏罗系的扇三角洲沉积   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

李文厚 《沉积学报》1998,16(2):150-154

塔西南坳陷侏罗系广泛发育扇三角洲沉积。在论述沉积特征的基础上,确认本区的扇三角洲是一个典型的退积型层序。该层序三层结构明显,下部为扇三角洲平原,中部为扇三角洲前缘,上部为前扇三角洲。反映了该区在早中侏罗世时处于活动盆地边缘,湖水由浅变深,沉降速率大于沉积速率的特点。通常扇三角洲的形成受湖盆边界类型和源区距湖盆距离及古气候３个主要背景条件的约束,因此,本区的扇三角洲一般发育在源区距湖盆距离短,靠近山前植被不发育的地带。塔西南坳陷侏罗系生储盖组合发育齐全,湖相暗色泥岩为主要烃源岩,扇三角洲前缘砂体是较好的储集层,上白垩统和第三系膏泥岩则起着主要的封盖作用。本区侏罗系有着良好的油气勘探前景。  相似文献   

Post-Wisconsinian paleoenvironments at Salinas del Bebedero basin, San Luis, Argentina     

Miguel A. González  Nora I. Maidana 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1998,20(4):353-368

We present a climatic reconstruction of Holocene lacustrine episodes in the Salinas del Bebedero basin (Argentina), based on geological and diatom information.Morphological, sedimentological and diatom evidence between 11600 ± 140 yr BP and 325 ± 95 yr BP, allowed us to interpret the paleoenvironments of the basin. Episodes of high energy (sandy levels) are linked to large inflow of meltwater through the Desaguadero River, related to development of glaciers on the Andes. This inflow is characterized by peaks of relative abundance of the brackish water diatom Cyclotella choctawatcheeana Prasad. The values of C. choctawatcheeana decrease in deposits of low energy (clay levels), where it co-dominates with oligohalobous Fragilaria and Epithemia spp.To the last two peaks of large inflow of meltwater, radiocarbon dates corrected to sidereal ages, are AD 1280/1420 and AD 1443/1656. These ages agree with two cold episodes clearly recorded in dendrological studies from the Patagonian Andes and were correlated to the Little Ice Age. Thus, older Holocene episodes of large inflow of water to the basin were correlated with the Neoglacial Advances defined by Mercer (1976) for the Andes.  相似文献   

胶辽地块古元古代沉积组合：年代与层序   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李三忠  刘永江 《西北地质》1997,18(3):13-20

根据变质岩石组合、成矿特征等方面对比研究，证明胶辽地块古元古代粉子山群、北部辽河群、老岭群可对比，荆山群和南部辽河群、集安群亦可以比，相应的北部和南部变质地层为同时异相。通过对各群同位素年代学资料的收集总结，表明它们沉积于2．5至1．9Ga期间，变质作用起始于2．2Ga，终止于正．6Ga。以辽河群为例，各岩组的原岩恢复及沉积环境讨论，表明整个裂陷带经历了从裂谷盆地向被动大陆边缘转化。最后于该活动带南缘转变为活动大陆边缘的，反映了该活动带完整的层序沉积环境变迁过程。  相似文献   

华北北部麻粒岩相带构造区划及其早前寒武纪构造演化   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  

李江海  翟明国 《地质科学》1997,32(3):254-266

作者在编绘华北北部高级变质岩区的变质地质图(1:2000,000)的基础上,对麻粒岩相带构造区划提出了新方案,提出相带内部构造单元的边界与变质相界线并不协调崐的新认识。这一巨型麻粒岩相带可以划分为南北两个亚区,它们分别具有不同的岩石组合、崐变质特点及演化历史。北亚区为早元古代陆缘活动带的组成部分,由TTG质杂岩和少量表壳岩系组成,主要经历1期变质;南亚区为太古代克拉通的组成部分,与克拉通内主要构造单元具有密切联系,经历多期变质,由孔兹岩区、剪切构造带、TTG杂岩一表壳岩穹隆等单元组成。整个麻粒岩相带及其邻区记录了中太古代一早元古代初华北克拉通北部小陆块形成、稳定,直至拼合形成较大的克拉通陆块,再发生陆内裂谷及陆缘构造活动,最终发生克拉通化的构造地质演化过程。  相似文献   

江苏建湖地区全新世孢粉组合及其地质、古地理意义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

吴学忠  王绍鸿  赵希涛 《地理科学》1996,16(3):252-259

对江苏建湖地区若干全新世剖面进行了系统的孢粉分析，划分出６个孢粉组合带，恢复了本地区自早全新世以来的古植被演替与古气候古环境变迁，探讨了本区全新世地层时代划分与对比  相似文献   

新疆塔里木盆地阿瓦提-巴楚地区石炭纪孢粉组合     

张智礼  朱筱敏  刘振文 《地层学杂志》2006,30(4):341-346

通过对新疆塔里木盆地阿瓦提—巴楚地区11口探井123块石炭系孢粉样品的鉴定结果系统分析,建立了该区Rugosporaminuta-Verrucosisporitessimilis、Lycosporapusilla-Verrucosisporitesmicrotubercosus和Calamosporaliquida-Schopfipollenitesellipsoids孢粉组合3个,从而为该区石炭纪地层的划分对比提供了依据。该区早石炭世早期孢粉组合中石松植物的孢子占优势(约占总含量的80%),古蕨类植物和芦木植物的孢子含量次之,在个别样品中出现少量疑源类和虫颚化石。早石炭世晚期孢粉组合中三缝孢子占优势,并以鳞木植物的小孢子Lycospora含量很高为特征。晚石炭世孢粉组合中三缝孢子占有绝对的优势,鳞木植物的小孢子Lycospora的含量最高(占总含量的33.4%)。  相似文献   

河南博爱西金城遗址人和动物骨的碳氮稳定同位素分析     

杨凡  王青  王芬 《第四纪研究》2020,(2):418-427

中原地区是中国文明起源和国家形成的核心区域,农业的发展在某种程度促成了中华文明在这一地区的最终形成.农业经济的转变对先民食物结构和动物饲养方式都产生了影响,但目前的研究多为某一时间段的研究,需要长时间段的考量.对西金城遗址(35°06′22″N,113°06′53″E)出土的龙山文化、汉代和唐宋时期的人和动物骨骼开展了碳氮稳定同位素分析,分析结果表明:龙山文化时期西金城先民(δ13C=-9.3±3.1‰,δ15N=8.5±1.3‰,n=3)的食物结构以C4类(粟、黍)为主,其生计方式是以粟等旱作农业为主,并辅以少量的稻作农业生产,兼有稳定的家畜饲养和捕捞业.就动物食物结构而言,龙山文化时期以猪、狗为代表的家畜的食物结构和人类相似,先民主要用粟黍类作物副产品喂养家畜;汉代随着小麦、大豆等C3类农作物的推广普及,家畜的δ13C值降低,更多的小麦等作物被用于喂养家畜.唐宋时期虽然小麦的地位进一步上升,形成了"粟麦并重"的农作物格局,但先民却仍然偏向于用C4植物(粟黍)喂养家畜.  相似文献   

The Late Devensian glaciation of the eastern Lleyn Peninsula,North Wales: evidence for terrestrial depositional environments     

Geoffrey S. P. Thomas  David K. Chester  Peter Crimes 《第四纪科学杂志》1998,13(3):255-270

The glacial deposits of the eastern Lleyn Peninsula record the advance, coalescence and subsequent retreat and uncoupling of Welsh and Irish Sea ice-sheets during the Late Devensian cold stage. During advance a thick sheet of basal diamict was deposited over much of the area, and during retreat and uncoupling, which occurred after 14.5 ka, the eastern part of the area was dominated by the formation of a large sandur system draining from the retreating margin of the Irish Sea ice-sheet. Subsequent stages of retreat are marked by a series of arcuate cross-valley moraines formed either by ice-contact deposition during stillstand or by structural deformation during minor snout oscillation. In the western part of the area sedimentation was controlled by a series of dead-ice ridges running parallel to the retreating ice-margin and this led to the development of a complex assemblage of localised depositional environments including ice-front alluvial fans, marginal sandur troughs and pro-glacial lake basins, all formed under supraglacial ice-marginal conditions. No evidence of glaciomarine deposition is recorded. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献