西部地区主体功能区划分与建设若干问题的思考——以新疆为例     

马海霞  李慧玲 《地域研究与开发》2009,28(3)

基于西部地区经济社会发展的现实,探讨了该区域在主体功能区划分与建设中,面临的区域经济协调发展、产业转移、特色产业发展、生态移民、兵地融合等五方面的发展困境.提出只有建立并落实对西部地区的宏观调控政策,区域协调发展的格局才能真正形成;要利用主体功能区建设的契机,积极地、有选择地承接移入产业,因地制宜发展特色优势产业、生态产业是西部地区扭转贫穷落后状况的根本途径;在西部牧区生态移民工程实施过程中,关键要解决持续稳定的利益补偿长效机制的构建,防止移民再度开垦引发的过度开垦;在唯一保留了生产建设兵团建制的新疆,其主体功能区建设必须打破行政区划,形成兵、地融合经济发展的合力.  相似文献   

Methodological framework to select plant species for controlling rill and gully erosion: application to a Mediterranean ecosystem     

S. De Baets  J. Poesen  B. Reubens  B. Muys  J. De Baerdemaeker  J. Meersmans 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(10):1374-1392

Many studies attribute the effects of vegetation in reducing soil erosion rates to the effects of the above‐ground biomass. The effects of roots on topsoil resistance against concentrated flow erosion are much less studied. However, in a Mediterranean context, where the above‐ground biomass can temporarily disappear because of fire, drought or overgrazing, and when concentrated flow erosion occurs, roots can play an important role in controlling soil erosion rates. Unfortunately, information on Mediterranean plant characteristics, especially root characteristics, growing on semi‐natural lands, and knowledge of their suitability for gully erosion control is often lacking. A methodological framework to evaluate plant traits for this purpose is absent as well. This paper presents a methodology to assess the suitability of plants for rill and gully erosion control and its application to 25 plant species, representative for a semi‐arid Mediterranean landscape in southeast Spain. In this analysis determination of suitable plants for controlling concentrated flow erosion is based on a multi‐criteria analysis. First, four main criteria were determined, i.e. (1) the potential of plants to prevent incision by concentrated flow erosion, (2) the potential of plants to improve slope stability, (3) the resistance of plants to bending by water flow and (4) the ability of plants to trap sediments and organic debris. Then, an indicator or a combination of two indicators was used to assess the scores for the four criteria. In total, five indicators were selected, i.e. additional root cohesion, plant stiffness, stem density, the erosion‐reducing potential during concentrated flow and the sediment and organic debris obstruction potential. Both above‐ and below‐ground plant traits were taken into account and measured to assess the scores for the five indicators, i.e. stem density, sediment and organic debris obstruction potential, modulus of elasticity of the stems, moment of inertia of the stems, root density, root diameter distribution, root area ratio and root tensile strength. The scores for the indicators were represented on amoeba diagrams, indicating the beneficial and the weak plant traits, regarding to erosion control. The grasses Stipa tenacissima L. and Lygeum spartum L. and the shrub Salsola genistoides Juss. Ex Poir. amongst others, were selected as very suitable plant species for rill and gully erosion control. Stipa tenacissima can be used to re‐vegetate abandoned terraces as this species is adapted to drought and offers a good protection to concentrated flow erosion and shallow mass movements. Lygeum spartum can be used to vegetate concentrated flow zones or to obstruct sediment inflow to channels at gully outlets. Stipa tenacissima and Salsola genistoides can be used to stabilize steep south‐facing slopes. The methodology developed in this study can be applied to other plant species in areas suffering from rill and gully erosion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

LPJ模型对1981～1998年中国区域潜在植被分布和碳通量的模拟   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

孙国栋 《气候与环境研究》2009,14(4):341-351

利用一个基于过程的动态植被模型LPJ DGVM（Lund Potsdam Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model）,模拟了中国区域潜在植被分布,考察了1981～1998年中国区域净初级生产〖JP〗力（NPP）、异养呼吸（Rh）和净生态系统生产力（NEP）的年际变化。模拟结果表明,在LPJ模型提供的植被功能类型（PFT）划分的条件下,中国区域除了分布裸土外,主要分布了6种潜在植被功能类型,即热带常绿阔叶林带、温带常绿阔叶林带、温带夏绿阔叶林带、北方常绿针叶林带、北方夏绿针叶林带和温带草本植物。在所考察的时间段内,中国区域总NPP从2.91 Gt · a-1（C）（1982年）变化到3.37 Gt · a-1（C）（1990年）,平均每年增加0.025 Gt（C）,其平均增长率为096%。中国区域总Rh从2.59 Gt · a-1（C）（1986年）变化到3.19 Gt · a-1（C）（1998年）,具有105% 的平均年增长率,即平均每年增加0.025 Gt（C）,并且中国区域温带草本植物相比其他植被功能类型,其NPP和Rh线性增加的趋势最为显著。研究结果还表明,LPJ模型在引入火灾机制后,中国区域总NEP的变化范围更加合理,即每年总NEP在-0.06 Gt · a-1（C）（1998年）和0.34 Gt · a-1（C）（1992年）之间变化,其平均值为0.12 Gt · a-1（C）。该结果表明,在所考察的时间段内,中国区域的陆地生态系统是碳汇。上述结果与其他研究结果基本一致,因而此模型模拟中国区域潜在植被分布和碳循环是有效的。    相似文献   

Dynamics in the trophic structure of the macroinvertebrate community in a Mediterranean, temporary stream     

Maruxa Álvarez  Isabel Pardo 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2009,71(2):202-213

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极端微生物的多样性及应用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

周璟  盛红梅  安黎哲 《冰川冻土》2007,29(2):286-291

极端微生物是一类适应极端环境相对隔离进化的微生物,占据对生命而言接近极限的生态位,在形态结构、生理生化、分子进化机制等方面具有特殊性.文中综述了极端微生物的分布和分类特点,对嗜热、嗜冷、嗜酸、嗜碱、嗜盐和嗜压微生物等六大类群分别进行描述,并分别叙述了其具有的极端环境活性物质和应用价值.  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal changes of marine macrobenthic community in sub-tropical waters upon recovery from eutrophication. II. Life-history traits and feeding guilds of polychaete community     

Cheung SG  Lam NW  Wu RS  Shin PK 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(2):297-307

A two-year study was conducted in the vicinity of a harbour in sub-tropical Hong Kong, to examine the progress of recovery of macrobenthic community, based on analyses of both life-history traits and trophic guilds of polychaetes, upon cessation of organic pollution caused by sewage discharge. Seventy seven out of 83 species collected were classified under four ecological groups based on the life-history traits and sensitivity to organic gradients. The mean ATZI marine biotic index (AMBI) derived from these ecological groups showed spatial difference among the five sampling locations. In particular, the presence of different percentages of polychaete species from Groups III (unbalanced community) and IV (polluted community) suggested the presence of pollution stress in certain degree at all sampling locations. However, no significant temporal changes were noted over the study period. From all polychaete species identified, they were classified into 13 feeding guilds. The mean diversity of these feeding guilds at most of the sampling locations was significantly higher than that at one of the inside-harbour locations. The composition of feeding guilds was also significantly different spatially. At one of the inside-harbour locations, the dominant feeding guilds were motile/discretely motile surface deposit feeders with tentaculates or unarmed pharynx, and motile omnivores with jawed pharynx in the first year of study, but were replaced by motile, jawed carnivores in the second year of study. The increased proportion of carnivores over the study period can be seen as a sign of recovery in the community structure since abundance of predators is commonly higher in habitats with better environmental quality. The implications of using life-history traits and feeding guild analyses for benthic community are discussed.  相似文献   

An alternative measure of discharge effectiveness     

Martin W. Doyle  Catherine A. Shields 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(2):308-316

Since 1960, geomorphic effectiveness has been quantified by analytically combining measures of the frequency and the magnitude of geomorphic processes, most often for the case of sediment yield in rivers via the calculation of effective discharge, Q_eff. Here we leverage the Q_eff analysis approach to develop an alternative metric, the functional‐equivalent discharge Q_fed, which is the discharge that will reproduce the magnitude of the sediment load generated by the full hydrologic distribution. Q_fed is intended to be a more representative metric of hydrologic variability than Q_eff: whereas Q_eff provides a measure of the effectiveness of individual flow rates, Q_fed incorporates a measure of the average effectiveness of the entire flow distribution. We develop an analytical approximation of Q_fed based on relatively few parameters, apply the approach to a set of suspended sediment load data and describe how Q_fed varies broadly with sediment and hydrologic conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于平行算法的非扩张映像的最小范数不动点     

刘霞  李晓焱  李晓娜 《成都信息工程学院学报》2012,27(3):326-328

非扩张映像的不动点问题在近代数学分支中有着广泛的应用,针对这一情况,利用平行算法和最近点投影映射方法,构造一个关于有限多非扩张映像的迭代算法,并且在一定的条件下,证明所构造的迭代序列不仅收敛,而且收敛于这族有限多非扩张映像的公共最小范数不动点。  相似文献   

不同尺度生态学中植物叶性状研究概述   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

毛伟  李玉霖  张铜会  赵学勇  黄迎新  宋琳琳 《中国沙漠》2012,32(1):33-41

植物叶性状与植物个体、群落、生态系统功能的基本行为和功能具有密切相关性,可反映植物适应环境变化所形成的生存对策。目前有关叶性状的研究非常多,从不同尺度（个体尺度、功能群尺度、群落尺度和区域及全球尺度）对叶的性状进行了研究。个体尺度叶性状的研究着重于揭示单个或多个植物种叶性状对不同环境因子（如温度、土壤水分等）的响应;不同功能群之间植物性状的分异表明环境因子对功能群而言存在选择压力（如低氮）,但在功能群内部,选择压力较弱;随群落结构的改变,群落叶性状平均值和建群种叶性状均存在显著变化;大尺度（区域和全球）的研究有助于定量化阐述叶性状分异规律及其与气候等环境因子之间的相关性。目前的研究没有从机理上阐述清楚植物叶性状对环境因子的响应、群落构建过程中植物叶性状的指示作用、叶性状分异的生物地理格局等,在未来的研究中应予以更多关注。  相似文献   

大庆草甸草原区大型土壤动物功能类群   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

林琳  邬天媛  李景科  张雪萍 《地理研究》2013,32(1):41-54

在中国土壤动物已有的3个功能类群划分研究的基础上,将杂食性动物从原有3类群分类中分离出来,并加以补充与完善,形成了相对完整的腐食性、植食性、捕食性、杂食性四个功能类群。对大庆草甸草原区土壤动物功能类群进行调查,共获大型土壤动物1432只,隶属于3门4纲39类。植食性动物个体数量最多但生物量最小。各功能类群在水平方向的分布上,腐食、植食、捕食性动物在林地和轻度退化草原等相对稳定的环境占优势,而杂食性动物则在不稳定环境占优势,表现出明显的对不稳定环境的适应;垂直分布上,各功能类群的个体数除腐食性动物第二层最多外,均表现为自表层向下逐渐减少;时间变化上,不同群落各功能类群5月、7月、9月的动态变化表现不尽一致,不具有明显的规律性。  相似文献