Influence of forest fire episodes on the distribution of gaseous air pollutants over Uttarakhand,India     

Yesobu Yarragunta  Debashis Mitra  Harish Chandra Chandola 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2020,57(2):190-206

ABSTRACT

Widespread forest fire events occurred in the foothills of North Western Himalaya during 24 April to 2 May 2016 (Event-1) and 20–30 May 2018 (Event-2). Their impacts were investigated on the distribution of pollutant gases ozone (O₃), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) over Uttarakhand using simulations of Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) and in-situ observations of these gases over Dehradun, the capital of Uttarakhand. During Event-1, the observed CO mixing ratio over Dehradun increased from 25 April 2016 onwards, attained maximum (705.8 ± 258 ppbv) on 2 May 2016 and subsequently decreased. The rate of increase of daily baseline CO was 29 ppbv/day during HFAP (High Fire Activity Period). During Event-2, daily average concentrations of CO, O₃, and NOx showed systematic increase over Dehradun during HFAP period. The rate of increase of CO was 9 ppbv/day, while it was very small for NOx and O₃. To quantitatively estimate the influence of forest fire emissions, two WRF-Chem simulations were made: one with biomass burning (BB) emissions and other without BB emissions. These simulations showed 52% (34%) enhancement in CO, 52% (32%) enhancement in NOx, and 11% (9%) enhancement in O₃ during HFAP for Event-1 (Event-2). A clear positive correlation (r = 0.89 for Event-1, r = 0.69 for Event-2) was found between ?O₃ (O_{3with BB} minus O_{3without BB}) and ?CO (CO_{with BB} minus CO_{without BB}), indicating rapid production of ozone in the fire plumes. For both the events, the vertical distribution of ?O₃, ?CO, and ?NOx showed that forest fire emissions influenced the air quality upto 6.5 km altitude. Peaks in ?O₃, ?CO, and ?NOx during different days suggested the role of varying dispersion and horizontal mixing of fire plumes.  相似文献   

不同温压下岩石弹性波速度、衰减及各向异性与组构的关系   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  

刘斌 《地学前缘》2000,7(1):247-257

结合岩石组构分析 ,阐述了岩石弹性波传播速度和衰减以及它们的各向异性与岩石组构之间的关系。在不同温压条件下对具有很强晶格优选方位的岩石样品的研究表明 ,随着围压的增加 ,波速和Q值均增大 ,但是在相互正交的 3个方向上 (垂直或平行于层理面及线理方向 )增大的速度并不相同 ,这与微裂隙的逐渐闭合密切相关。观测到的波速和Q值的各向异性具有不同的形成机理 ,波速各向异性主要与定向分布的微裂隙和主要矿物的晶格优选方位等构造因素有关 ;高围压下Q值各向异性与速度各向异性正好相反 ,可能是由于定向排列的矿物晶体沿不同方向其边界之间接触程度不同造成的。对岩石组构的研究不仅可以揭示岩体的变形机制、变形的动力学过程及其有关的热力学信息 ,还可以对宏观岩石的各种物理性质 ,尤其是力学特性 ,从微观机理上加以解释。文中特别强调了岩石组构分析对研究岩石物理性质的各向异性具有十分重要的意义。  相似文献   

Characteristics of coda wave attenuation in Yunnan area     

王伟君  刘杰陈凌 《地震学报(英文版)》2006,19(1):8-19

The characteristic of seismic coda wave attenuation in Yunnan area in 7 frequency-bands range from 1 Hz to 20 Hz was estimated by using the local earthquake's waveform data recorded from 22 Yunnan digital seismic stations.Coda attenuation Q-c1 of each station was firstly calculated by single scattering method. Then, mean free path Le and seismic albedo Bo of each station were calculated, and scattering attenuation Q-1s and intrinsic attenuation Q-1i were separated from total attenuation Q-1t by multiple lapse time window analysis based on the multiple scattering model in uniform random isotropic scattering medium. The attenuating characteristics in Yunnan show that most value of Le are in 10～30 km, with maximal within 2～6 Hz;Bo are about 0.5 at 1～2 Hz, but less than 0.5at other frequency-bands, which means Q-1i is comparable with Q-1s at 1～2 Hz, and after 1～2 Hz, Q-1i is greater than Q-1s and dominates the attenuation process. Q-1c is close to Q-1i at other frequency bands except 1～2 Hz.Results show that Q-1 especially Qs-1 varies spatially, Q-1 in eastern Yunnan zone is a bit higher than in northwestern Yunnan zone;northwestern Yunnan zone higher than southwestern Yunnan zone. Comparing with other results in global, Qs-1 in Yunnan is lower than the global average value among these results, Q-1i is higher than the global average value, and Q-1t lies the middle among these results.  相似文献   

Temporal-spatial variations of euphotic depth of typical lake regions in Lake Taihu and its ecological environmental significance   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

ZHANG Yunlin  QIN Boqiang  HU Weiping  WANG Sumin  CHEN Yuwei  CHEN Weimin 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(4):431-442

Euphotic depth can be defined as the portion of wa- ter column that supports the net primary productivity. Its lower end is the critical depth, namely, the depth measured when the daily net primary productivity is zero[1]. In the ecosystems of oceans, lakes and rivers, phytoplankton live in the euphotic depth and euphotic depth is usually taken as the lower boundary, when studying the primary productivity and biomass of phytoplankton; therefore the corresponding depth is sometimes called the t…  相似文献   

Seismic Moment Tensor Resolution on a Local Scale: Simulated Rockburst and Mine-induced Seismic Events in the Kopanang Gold Mine, South Africa   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jan Šílený  Alexander Milev 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(8):1495-1513

Seismic records contain information about the effect of the source as well as the effect of wave propagation through the rock mass. The effect of wave propagation is usually not well known as only simplified models of geological structures are available. Therefore, the information about the source retrieved by inverting seismograms may include errors due to incomplete knowledge of the rock mass along the propagation path, which in turn cause a distortion in the calculated moment tensor (MT). The distortion of the MT on a local scale was observed by inverting records of a simulated rockburst conducted at the Kopanang gold mine in South Africa. A dominant isotropic component of the explosive characteristics was found from the inversion. The deviatoric components retrieved from the blast are spurious. A test of their stability indicated that they are not significant, assuming an uncertainty above 5% for velocities and 10% for attenuation within the homogeneous model available for the mine. Thus, the retrieval of the MT from records of local networks in mines using a homogeneous model of the rock mass seems to be feasible. However, the homogeneous model of the rock mass can only be applied to close stations, within a few kilometers of the source. The seismic records from distant stations were too complex to be modelled by a homogeneous rock mass. Records of six mine-induced seismic events recorded at the Kopanang gold mine were also inverted. A vertical linear dipole along the pressure (P) axis was found for three of the events, suggesting a pillar burst. The mechanism of two events contains an isotropic implosion together with a nearly vertical dip-slip, and seems to indicate a combination of a cavity collapse with a down dip-slip along a nearly vertical fault. One event corresponds to a dipole along the tensional (T) axis. However, it is vertical, thus its association with tensile faulting of the hangingwall is uncertain.  相似文献   

Reconstruction of earthquake hazard in regions of sparse seismic monitoring     

Amr S. Elnashai 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2007,6(2):99-109

Studying strong motion records and the spatial distribution of ground shaking is of great importance in understanding the underlying causes of damage in earthquakes. Many regions in the world are either not instrumented or are sparsely instrumented. As such, significant opportunities for motion-damage correlations are lost. Two recent and damaging earthquakes belong to the class of lost opportunities, namely the Kashmir (Pakistan) earthquake of October 2005 and the Yogyakarta (Indonesia) earthquake of May 2006. In this paper, an overview of the importance of supply and demand studies in earthquake-stricken regions is given, followed by two examples of investigative engineering seismology aimed at reconstructing the hazard from sparse data. The paper closes with a plea for responsible authorities to invest in seismic monitoring networks in the very near future.  相似文献   

四川及邻区地震动衰减关系   总被引：26，自引：3，他引：26       下载免费PDF全文

雷建成  高孟潭  俞言祥 《地震学报》2007,29(5):500-511

根据地震构造环境和震害分布特点， 将四川及邻区划分为西南地区和四川盆地地区. 收集了西南地区96次、 四川盆地地区40次近代破坏性地震资料， 并对各次地震的震级参数进行了统一校核. 按照该地区震中烈度与震级、 有感半径与震级的统计关系， 对地震烈度衰减进行了近场与远场特征控制， 建立了地震烈度沿长轴、 短轴和平均轴的衰减关系. 统一了中国与美国面波震级的震级标度， 利用最新得出的美国西部基岩水平向地震加速度反应谱衰减关系， 采用考虑地震加速度的近场距离饱和与震级饱和特征的衰减模型， 转换得到了该地区的基岩水平向地震加速度反应谱衰减关系.   相似文献   

2007年宁洱6.4级地震余震序列尾波QC值研究     

李琼  秦嘉政  钱晓东 《地震研究》2007,30(4):337-343

基于Aki和Chouet的地方震尾波单次散射模型,利用思茅台记录到的2007年云南宁洱6.4地震余震的数字化波形观测资料,测量了震源区尾波Qc(f)值。当中心频率为1.5Hz时,宁洱地区的尾波Qc值在51～147之间,平均值为79,尾波的振幅衰减率βc(f)在0.014～0.039之间,平均值为0.028;测量得到该地区尾波Qc值与频率f的关系为Qc(f)=53f0.88;尾波波源因子与震级成正比关系,满足关系lgA0=1.51ML-0.94;测量结果显示宁洱地震余震序列的尾波值Qc较低,表明宁洱震源区属于构造运动较为活跃区。  相似文献   

多极子声波测井在低孔低渗气层中的数值研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

陈雪莲  王瑞甲 《地球物理学进展》2007,22(6):1836-1840

现有的天然气勘探中的测井技术,在评价低孔低渗气层时遇到诸多难题,本文引入了一种新的气藏评价方法,即利用多极源激发的模式波的幅度来识别气藏,并对此方法进行了数值验证.以Biot多孔介质理论为基础建立了低孔低渗含气储层计算模型,数值计算了多极子声源在充液井孔中激发的频散曲线、衰减曲线以及全波列波形.结果表明,挠曲波和螺旋波的衰减系数与相速度相比,对孔隙中的流体性质更敏感,且随着多极源级数的增加和工作主频的提高,挠曲波和螺旋波的衰减系数的变化程度明显增强;在偶极子和四极子激发的全波列波形中,可清晰的观测到对地层孔隙流体不敏感的地层横波,在这种情况下,可以通过对比波列中地层横波和频散的弯曲波(或螺旋波)幅度来识别气层.  相似文献   

五里湖南岸生态示范工程对水下光场的改善效果研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

张运林  陈开宁  秦伯强 《水科学进展》2007,18(1):86-94

2004年7月20日在五里湖南岸生态示范工程区共布设9个采样点进行水下光场的测定,并采集水样分析悬浮物、叶绿素a、DOC浓度和各组分吸收系数。结果表明,3类主要光衰减物质总悬浮物、叶绿素a和DOC的浓度分别为5.1~38.7 mg/L、25.5~86.4μg/L和7.43~8.74 mg/L;生态示范工程能明显降低水体悬浮物和叶绿素a浓度,Ⅱ类区总悬浮物、叶绿素a浓度相对Ⅰ类区分别降低了53.4%、33.0%,而Ⅲ类区总悬浮物、叶绿素a浓度相对Ⅰ类区分别降低了77.4%、65.0%。光合有效辐射(PAR)衰减系数在1.81~4.93 m-1间变化,对应的真光层深度为0.93~2.54 m,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类区相对Ⅰ类区PAR衰减系数分别降低了42.2%、52.8%,对应的真光层深度则分别增加了73%、112%。a_g(440)、a_d(440)、a_ph(440)的变化范围分别为0.79~1.31 m-1、0.41~2.22 m-1、0.73~2.12 m-1。纯水对总吸收的贡献均在15%以下,有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收对总吸收的贡献率在18.16%~40.28%间变化,非藻类颗粒物对总吸收的贡献率在14.40%~37.88%间变化,浮游藻类对总吸收系数的贡献率基本上是各组分贡献率中最高的,在31.05%~45.28%间变化。对PAR衰减系数、真光层深度、透明度等表观光学参数与主要水色因子进行相关分析发现,水体中浮游藻类和有机颗粒物对生态示范区内的水体光学性质影响最大,而围隔外围浮游藻类、非藻类颗粒物对光的衰减相当。  相似文献