Geomorphic changes in a complex gully system measured from sequential digital elevation models,and implications for management     

Harley D. Betts  Noel A. Trustrum  Ronald C. De Rose 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(10):1043-1058

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Coastal conglomerates around the Hadjer el Khamis inselbergs (western Chad,central Africa): new evidence for Lake Mega‐Chad episodes     

Mathieu Schuster  Philippe Duringer  Jean‐Francois Ghienne  Patrick Vignaud  Alain Beauvilain  Hassan Taisso Mackaye  Michel Brunet 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(10):1059-1069

This paper reports on a study dealing with the rhyolitic inselbergs of Hadjer el Khamis that formed palaeoislands during Lake Mega‐Chad events. Field observations have shown that: (1) conglomeratic patches of immature to mature clasts are preserved at the feet of the Hadjer el Khamis inselbergs; (2) in cross‐section, their pro?le reveals a well de?ned cliff–platform junction at a constant elevation (325 m). The monolithological clasts show all degrees of roundness, from angular cobbles to well rounded pebbles. This wide range of maturity suggests a coastal origin for these cobbles. The system was permanently fed with angular clasts, which were progressively worn by waves. Cobbles that were wave‐worked for the longest time are the best rounded. The cliff–platform junction is the result of erosion by waves, which attacked and undercut the inselberg cliffs during Lake Mega‐Chad events. Asymmetrical erosion pro?les moreover suggest a wind regime dominated by SW to NE oriented winds. These interpretations have two implications. The elevation of the cliff–platform junction is an indication of the highest water level of Lake Mega‐Chad at 320–325 m, which is in agreement with other observations elsewhere in the basin. The SW to NE oriented winds show that monsoon‐related winds were prevalent during Lake Mega‐Chad events, suggesting the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone was located higher in latitude than today. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Measurements of rain splash on bench terraces in a humid tropical steepland environment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. I. J. M. Van Dijk  L. A. Bruijnzeel  S. E. Wiegman 《水文研究》2003,17(3):513-535

Soil loss continues to threaten Java's predominantly bench‐terraced volcanic uplands. Sediment transport processes on back‐sloping terraces with well‐aggregated clay‐rich oxisols in West Java were studied using two different techniques. Splash on bare, cropped, or mulched sub‐horizontal (2–3°) terrace beds was studied using splash cups of different sizes, whereas transport of sediment on the predominantly bare and steep (30–40/deg ) terrace risers was measured using a novel device combining a Gerlach‐type trough with a splash box to enable the separate measurement of transport by wash and splash processes. Measurements were made during two consecutive rainy seasons. The results were interpreted using a recently developed splash distribution theory and related to effective rainfall erosive energy. Splash transportability (i.e. transport per unit contour length and unit erosive energy) on the terrace risers was more than an order of magnitude greater than on bare terrace beds (0·39–0·57 versus 0·013–0·016 g m J^?1). This was caused primarily by a greater average splash distance on the short, steep risers (>11 cm versus c. 1 cm on the beds). Splashed amounts were reduced by the gradual formation of a protective ‘pavement’ of coarser aggregates, in particular on the terrace beds. Soil aggregate size exhibited an inverse relationship with detachability (i.e. detachment per unit area and unit erosive energy) and average splash length, and therefore also with transportability, as did the degree of canopy and mulch cover. On the terrace risers, splash‐creep and gravitational processes transported an additional 6–50% of measured rain splash, whereas transport by wash played a marginal role. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

有效厚度拟合定量恢复原始地层超覆点位置   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

钟广法  周祖翼  耿建华 《沉积学报》2003,21(4):615-619

地层超覆点的迁移是层序地层分析和海平面变化曲线编制的重要依据。受构造抬升、海平面下降或二者共同作用影响,地层超覆点在沉积后常被剥蚀。如何恢复其原始沉积时的位置,至今尚无定量方法提出。基于地层厚度自盆地边缘向盆地中心依次增大,或先增大、后减小的分布特点,采用指数与线性相结合的分段函数模型,利用未剥蚀区地层厚度数据拟合外推恢复原始地层超覆点位置。该方法适用于被动大陆边缘、大型三角洲沉积区及坳陷型盆地,应用于巽他陆架晚新生代地层分析,取得满意效果.  相似文献   

A 2D MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE BED DEFORMATION IN THE LOWER YELLOW RIVER   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Junqiang XIA  Guangqian WANG 《国际泥沙研究》2003,(2)

1 BANK EROSION IN THE LOWER YELLOW RIVER In alluvial rivers, riverbeds are always in a state of transition and development. Two kinds of deformations result for the fluvial process according to certain basic characteristics. One is longitudinal deformation that is characterized by the deformation of a riverbed in the direction of streamwise flow such as riverbed scour or deposition. The other is transverse or lateral deformation that is distinguished by the deformation of a riverb…  相似文献   

Long-term changes in salt marsh extent affected by channel deepening in a modified estuary   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ruth Cox  R. A. Wadsworth  A. G. Thomson 《Continental Shelf Research》2003,23(17-19):1833

The aim of this study is to quantify the long-term (54 years) rates of marsh extension and retreat at two sites in the Westerschelde Estuary, SW Netherlands. Nine sets of aerial photographs were obtained for each of the two salt marsh sites, Zuidgors and Waarde, taken at various times between 1944 and 1998. The seaward edges of the marshes were digitised from rectified images after the photographs had been scanned and georegistered to the Dutch National Grid. Comparison of the extents of the marshes at these nine time points revealed that the areas of both marshes had fluctuated during these 54 years with periods of both extension and retreat of the seaward marsh edges. These periods of extension and retreat appeared to be approximately synchronised until the 1990s, with mean changes in position of marsh front ranging from −7.92 to 6.04 m a⁻¹.The rate of landward retreat and seaward extension of the marsh front is shown to be related to an increase in the tidal prism brought about by dredging operations to maintain or increase the depth of the main navigable channel of the estuary. The consequent greater frequency with which the high tides reach the edge of the fringing marshes increases the risk of erosion. Strong westerly winds may also be a factor in increasing erosion. No relationship between the volume of shipping traffic using the estuary and marsh erosion was found.  相似文献   

A geomorphological approach to determining the Neogene to Recent tectonic deformation in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile (Atacama)     

R Riquelme  J Martinod  G Hrail  J Darrozes  R Charrier 《Tectonophysics》2003,361(3-4):255-275

The large (≈10000 km²) and local-scale (<400 km²) geomorphologic, geomorphometric and field evidence indicates that, from the mid-Miocene onwards, the Atacama Fault System (AFS) accommodated the relative uplift of the western side of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera of the Chañaral region (southern Atacama Desert). The mean regional altitude systematically decreases eastwards crossing the AFS, independent of the lithological characteristics of the substratum cut by this system of faults. Topographic analysis reveals a more incised landscape west of the AFS that, at the local scale, is reported by the distribution of the altitudes (hypsometric curves and integrals) of tributary basins and by the presence of terraces. In the Middle and Upper Miocene, a thick (>300 m) sedimentary succession was deposited east of the AFS. The succession fills previously deep paleovalleys. And it consists of gravel, so-called “Atacama Gravels”, which passes laterally into fine-grained playa related deposits near the AFS. We interpret the deposition of this succession as a result of a blocking closure of the valley flowing from the Precordillera due to the activity on AFS. A pedimentation episode followed sediment deposition and is locally strongly re-incised by the main modern-day river valleys draining the Precordillera. Incision may result from either regional uplift of the forearc, and/or from more localized activity on the AFS. Furthermore, Recent (Quaternary?) tectonic activity on the AFS has been observed which is consistent with a localized relative uplift of the crustal block west of the AFS.  相似文献   

遥感技术在密云水库北部土壤侵蚀调查中的应用   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

赵忠海 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2003,14(4):100-104

密云水库是北京市的重要水源地之一。其上游地区的植被、地形、地质以及降雨等因素对该区的土壤侵蚀情况具有较大影响，可直接影响到密云水库的泥沙入库量及水质等。而在土壤侵蚀调查方面，遥感技术具有较大的优势。在北京市国土资源与地质环境遥感综合调查的基础上，对遥感技术在密云水库北部地区土壤侵蚀调查中的应用进行了探讨。首先根据建立的遥感解译标志对遥感图像进行判读并实地验证，然后，根据影响土壤侵蚀的生态环境因子，建立了数学评判模型，对该区的土壤侵蚀情况进行了评判。为该区的水土保持规划、管理和决策提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

细沟侵蚀中泥沙含量及其粘粒流失量的试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

夏卫生  雷廷武  张晴雯  赵军  潘英华  高佩玲 《山地学报》2003,21(5):605-609

通过室内模拟试验，对细沟侵蚀中不同坡度和不同流量条件下一定坡长的泥沙含量及其粘粒含量进行了测定。分析试验结果表明，含沙量随着坡度增加而增加，而流量影响极小；随沟长的延伸，由于径流速度趋于稳定，含沙量增加幅度减少。粘粒流失量分布是坡度、流量、细沟发育过程、流速的垂直分布等因素共同作用的结果；粘粒迁移伴随着土壤剥蚀和粘粒沉降，使得不同流量的粘粒流失量相近，粘粒流失量沿细沟沟长呈波状分布。  相似文献   

西藏土壤侵蚀敏感性分布规律及其区划研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

钟祥浩  王小丹  李辉霞  范建容 《山地学报》2003,21(Z1):143-147

西藏土壤侵蚀类型多样,其中水土流失、土地沙漠化、冻融侵蚀以及崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等侵蚀类型广泛分布,危害严重。本文对前三种土壤侵蚀类型敏感性特点及其分布规律进行了评价,在此基础上,作出了西藏土壤侵蚀敏感性综合区划,并对各分区主要特点作了简要的描述。为土壤侵蚀防治和生态环境保护与建设提供依据。  相似文献