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101.
102.
Sergio E. Serrano 《Mathematical Geology》1996,28(6):701-721
A large body of existing theories of flow and contaminant transport in aquifers ignore the presence of recharge, eliminate the boundary conditions, neglect transient conditions in groundwater flow, conceive hydraulic gradients as linear, and require parameter variability to be stationary and Gaussian. The most outstanding and difficult to justify assumption is the subjective small size of the stochastic terms (i.e., small perturbation methods), which usually is forced by considering the logarithm of the hydraulic conductivity. Several problems in flow and contaminant subsurface hydrology, such as the enhanced dispersion parameters with plume size or time after injection, remain to be observed in the light of a stochastic theory that allows a more realistic consideration of physical and hydrologic properties. In this article, an attempt is made to reformulate a contaminant transport equation (the variable dispersion equation, VDE) with transport parameters in terms of regional hydrologic and aquifer hydraulic properties, such as recharge rate, spatially random transmissivity, hydraulic gradient, aquifer thickness, and soil porosity. Subsequently, a general analytic procedure, the method of decomposition, is used to derive a solution to the VDE. This procedure does not require small perturbation, logarithmic transformations, or specific probability law assumptions. Comparison tests with existing theoretical and field results are given. The tests illustrate the enhanced dispersion and shifting concentration effects produced by the variable dispersion equation. Finally a generalization of the method to nonstationary dispersion in three-dimensional domains is proposed. 相似文献
103.
Analysis of fly-ash particles in lake sediments has become increasingly important in studies of environmental pollution and lake acidification history. Most fly-ash studies have concerned black spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP)(>5 m) produced from oil and coal combustion. This review paper provides a summary of this technique and its application, and focusses on our investigations in Sweden between 1979 and 1993. It consists of five parts: i) preparation and analysis methods, ii) historical trends in atmospheric deposition, iii) geographical surveys of atmospheric deposition, iv) sediment dating, and v) studies of sedimentation processes in lakes. Methods for preparation and analyses of SCP have been developed and applied to investigations using sediment, soil and snow samples. Stratigraphic trends of SCP concentrations in lake-sediment cores reflect the consumption history of fossil fuels. A characteristic temporal SCP pattern, with a marked concentration increase beginning after the 1940's and a peak in the early 1970's, has been recognized in most Swedish lakes and elsewhere in Europe. A survey of SCP concentrations in surface sediments of >100 lakes covering Sweden demonstrated that polluted areas in southern Sweden had >100 times higher SCP concentrations than clean areas in the north. The spatial distribution of SCP over Sweden is similar to the deposition pattern of long-range transported airborne pollutants, such as excess sulphate monitored by network stations. SCP also accumulate in soils, and soil analyses can be used for determining the integrated historical deposition of SCP at the local or regional scale. Finally, SCP have been used for indirect dating of sediment cores and as a marker to assess sediment distribution patterns within lake basins. 相似文献
104.
Josef Vesely Heather Almquist-Jacobson Lisa M. Miller Stephen A. Norton Peter Appleby Aruna S. Dixit John P. Smol 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1993,8(3):211-231
This multi-disciplinary investigation documents the longterm effects of atmospheric pollution of metals and acids on a geologically sensitive catchment in the umava Mountains, southwestern Czech Republic, a region with a long history of human disturbance. A 30 cm long sediment core (I) from ertovo Lake was analyzed for natural and artifical radionuclides, metals, diatoms, chrysophytes, and pollen in sediments accumulated during the last 200 years. A second core (II), extending to 95 cm, included sediment judged to be free of atmospheric deposition of pollutants associated with the Industrial Revolution. Chronostratigraphic markers include several changes in the pollen assemblages corresponding to well-documented changes in land-use, and distinct distributions of 137Cs, 134Cs and 241Am from weapons testing and the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Russia. These markers corroborate the 210Pb dating and, together, produce a reliable chronology extending back nearly to 1800 A.D.Stratigraphic profiles of Cu, Pb, and Zn in Core I are unlike any previously reported in the literature. Concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn remain generally above 100, 400, and 200 g g-1, respectively, for the 200 years represented by Core I. These values are unusually high for sediments from a watershed with no known heavy-metal ore bodies. Accumulation rates for Cu, Pb, and Zn, which include both atmospheric and watershed contributions, are also high (ca 1, > 1 and > 1 g cm-2 yr-1, respectively) for the same period, although the anthropogenic contribution of Zn rose from nearly zero at 1800 A.D. The Cu and Pb accumulation rates rose dramatically about 1640 A.D.Accumulation rates of anthropogenically-derived Be, a relatively abundant element in the soft coals of the region, are also elevated by about 0.01 g cm-2 yr-1 in sediments of this period. Vanadium accumulation rates increased only since 1980 A.D., presumably along with increased consumption of oil.Diatom assemblages illustrate that the lake was acidic (pH between 4.5 and 5) through at least the past 200 years. The pH declined significantly (from ca 5 to 4) between 1960 and 1985 with a slight increase to 4.5 in the last few years. Recent diatom and chrysophyte assemblages suggest high trace metal concentrations, consistent with the present lake-water chemistry. 相似文献
105.
106.
地下连续墙治理地下水污染 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11
介绍一种治理已被严重污染的地下水的方法。即修建一道底部深入到不透水岩层的地下墙,把污染物封闭在由底部不透水岩层和周围地下防渗墙组成的“地下盆”中,降低周围地下水中有害物质的浓度,然后再治理封闭圈内的污染物,以达到彻底根治地下水污染的目的。 相似文献
107.
Environmental geology problems in the Tyrrhenian coastal area of Santa Marinella, province of Rome, central Italy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
U. Chiocchini G. Gisotti A. Macioce F. Manna A. Bolasco C. Lucarini G. M. Patrizi 《Environmental Geology》1997,32(1):1-8
The Tyrrhenian resort of S. Marinella (central Italy) is subjected to significant anthropogenic pressures during the summer
vacation period, a common situation all along the Italian coast. Located 65 km NW of Rome on the southern slopes of the Tolfa
Mountains, S. Marinella is built on a gently sloping, E–W trending belt which is cut by 14 N–S oriented ephemeral streams
that discharge into the Tyrrhenian Sea. The low to medium permeability turbiditic sandstones which outcrop along this belt
belong to the Late Cretaceous Pietraforte unit. Three environmental problems are addressed in this study. The first problem
is related to the high water supply demand during the summer months which has forced local residents to dig a large number
of wells. Extensive pumping from these wells has caused salt-water intrusion into the Pietraforte, thus compromising the domestic
use of the groundwater. The second problem consists of the illegal dumping of urban solid waste, material that represents
a hazard during significant rain events as well as a possible cause of groundwater contamination. The final issue addressed
concerns the flooding potential of the 14 ephemeral streams that cross the inhabited area of S. Marinella, a risk which is
highlighted by the disastrous flood which occurred on 2 October 1981 and during the period of the Roman Emperor Settimio Severo
(205 A.D.). Some suggestions are proposed to mitigate and contain the effects of these problems.
Received: 7 November 1995 / Accepted: 5 December 1996 相似文献
108.
Anna Brooks Rehema M. White David C. Paton 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1995,4(2):133-163
The hypermarine southern Coorong is threatened by proposals to drain relatively fresh surface water and groundwater from adjacent agricultural areas into the Coorong. These influent waters carry moderate loads of heavy metals. Acute toxicity of heavy metals toDiacypris compacta, an abundant ostracod in the Coorong, was measured in the laboratory at 18°C in a static system using Coorong water (pH 7.8 salinity 50 ppt). At 4 days (96 h) the mean values of LC50 for copper, zinc, lead and, cadmium respectively were 0.8, 2.1, 3.1 and 4.3 mg L–1, and at 8 days the respective mean LC50
s were 0.4, 0.7, 2.2 and 1.1 mgL–1. The effect of two or three metals on mortality was additive in some cases and synergistic in other cases, but generally less than additive. However, in all cases mortality was greater in the presence of two or three metals than in the presence of a single metal. According to ANZECC (1992) guidelines, maximum acceptable concentrations of heavy metals should be no higher than 0.01 x the lowest LC50 value. Using the lowest LC50 values forDiacypris compacta obtained at 8 days, maximum acceptable concentrations in the Coorong would be 4, 5, 9 and 22 gL–1 for copper, zinc, cadmium and lead respectively, the values for zinc and copper failling below those recommended by ANZECC (1992) for marine waters. Reported concentrations of copper and zinc in surface water and groundwater in areas adjacent to the Coorong sometimes exceed these values, hence drainage of these waters into the Coorong represents a significant hazard to the Coorong biota. 相似文献
109.
采用SPSS软件,对2003年01月至2004年12月期间,倒天河水库和利民水库逐月水质监测数据进行数理统计分析,结果表明毕节市饮用水水质污染有较明显的季节变化和空间差异;且不同污染物对水体污染的贡献率各不相同,总磷和粪大肠菌群所占份额最大,方差累积贡献率达77%。在此基础上,利用加权综合污染指数对水体水质污染现状进行综合评价,结果显示倒天河水库和利民水库,水质污染总体较轻.饮用水水质符合《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)》中Ⅲ类水质标准;最后提出加大水环境保护的建议。 相似文献
110.
In the mining district of Plombières-La Calamine (East Belgium), extensive Pb–Zn mining activities resulted in an important contamination of overbank sediments along the Geul river. Moreover, a huge amount of heavy metals is stored in a dredged mine pond tailing, which is located along the river. In the dredged mine pond tailing sediments, Pb–Zn minerals control the solubility of Zn, Pb and Cd. Although Pb, Zn and Cd display a lower solubility in overbank sediments compared to the mine tailing pond sediments, elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd are still found in the porewater of the overbank sediments. The considerable ‘actual’ and ‘potential’ mobility of Zn, Pb and Cd indicates that the mine pond tailing sediments and the overbank sediments downstream from the mine pond tailing represent a considerable threat for the environment. Besides the chemical remobilisation of metals from the sediments, the erosion of overbank sediments and the reworking of riverbed sediments act as a secondary source of pollution. 相似文献