试从气候和人类活动看黄河问题     

刘国旭 《地理与地理信息科学》2002,18(3):52-56

该文从气候和人类活动的角度出发 ,选取了人类历史时期的两个时间段 (194 9年以前和以后 ) :在第一阶段 ,从农牧业界线的变迁、黄河下游的河湖变迁、黄河曲率的变化、历史时期的气候和黄河在历史时期的决淤泛滥频率的对比与关系方面分析 ,得出黄河下游的决淤泛滥有两个最关键的因素 ,即人类活动叠加于气候的变迁之上 ;在第二阶段 ,黄河下游及河口三角洲延伸缓慢 ,主要原因应是气候的变化 ,所以黄河中游的生态建设切不可掉以轻心。  相似文献   

西辽河流域历史早期的文化景观格局   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10  

胡金明  崔海亭 《地理研究》2002,21(6):723-732

考古发现表明 ,西辽河流域自历史早期以来 ,先后演绎了多期文化 ,文明一直延续至今。本文根据大量的野外考古调查资料 ,在典型考古遗址、教来河流域、敖汉旗三个空间尺度上建立了本区历史早期文化景观的DEM模型 ,分析了赤峰全境历史早期文化遗址点的水平分布格局 ,从四个不同的空间尺度探讨了西辽河流域历史早期文化景观的演变过程 ,概括出本区历史时期文化景观垂向变迁和水平变迁两种模式 ,为进一步深入研究本区人地系统的相互作用机制提供了基础。  相似文献   

社会资本视角下历史文化名镇保护困境研究——基于苏州周庄、锦溪、黎里3镇调研     

王勇  熊惠  李广斌 《地理科学》2021,41(7):1219-1226

引入社会资本理论,从网络、信任和规范3个维度,建构社会资本与名镇保护间的一个分析框架,剖析保护背后的社会资本困境及其内在根源。基于对苏州周庄等3个名镇的实证研究发现：① 社会资本主要通过其3个关键要素从组织基础、制度体系、精神动力对名镇保护沟通机制、约束机制与合作机制进行作用;② 当前名镇社会资本呈现网络弱化、信任缺失、规范不足现象,致使名镇保护中各多元主体协商遇冷、合作受限、行为失范;③ 提升社会资本、推动自下而上参与模式,是解决名镇保护的社会问题、走出保护困境的有效途径。  相似文献   

Influence of masonry infill panels on the vibration and stiffness characteristics of R/C frame buildings     

Amar A. Chaker  Arslan Cherifati 《地震工程与结构动力学》1999,28(9):1061-1065

Vibration measurements were performed on two adjacent, three-storey reinforced concrete frame buildings with hollow clay brick infill panels. The first building was a bare frame and the second one was a similar frame infilled with brick panels. The fundamental period for the infilled frame building was much smaller than that of the bare frame building. Using shear beam lumped mass models and the vibration data the actual lateral stiffness of both buildings was identified. The lateral stiffness of the infilled frame building was found to be seven times that of the bare frame building. Four numerical models of the infilled frame building were constructed. The frame and floors were represented using an experimentally validated model and the infill panels by one of three commonly used ‘equivalent diagonal truss’ models or by plane stress finite elements. Only the plane stress finite element model produced a reasonable agreement with the experimental results. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

新型节能复合混凝土空心砌块砌体抗震性能的试验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孙伟民  戴薇原  郭樟根  张怀金  张大长 《地震工程与工程振动》2006,26(5):136-143

本文通过2片开窗洞加窗台梁节能复合混凝土小型空心砌块墙体和2片不开窗洞墙体的水平低周反复荷载试验,研究了节能复合混凝土小型空心砌块砌体墙的受力全过程、开裂部位、裂缝发展情况以及破坏形态,分析了墙体的滞回特性、延性、耗能能力,刚度退化曲线等抗震性能,同时,考察了墙体外叶保护层的受力性能、破坏程度以及与墙体的共同工作机理,探讨了不同构造措施以及开窗洞对墙体抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明:复合混凝土小型砌块砌体从开始加载到最终破坏,砌块保护层都没有明显的鼓凸和脱落现象,说明聚苯层及横向拉结筋能够提供可靠的连接,保证外叶保护层在水平剪力和竖向荷载共同作用下和墙体整体工作,此外,开窗洞对墙体的抗震性能削弱较大。  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯高原古城夯层沙的环境解释   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

王乃昂  黄银洲  何彤慧  冯文勇  隆浩  程弘毅 《地理学报》2006,61(9):937-945

在2005年野外实地考察过程中,于内蒙古自治区准格尔旗十二连城、神木县大保当古城、鄂托克前旗巴彦呼日呼等古城址城墙中发现“夯层沙”。实验分析表明其成因皆为风成,堆积时代应在建城之前,反映当时地表流动沙丘或半固定、固定沙丘的广泛分布,由此证明鄂尔多斯地区的沙漠在人类大规模开发之前即已存在。这一重要发现为研究本区土地退化、沙漠化等问题提供了新的依据,对西部大开发战略重点之一的生态环境保护与建设具有特殊的历史借鉴意义。  相似文献   

Numerical study on factors that influence the in‐plane drift capacity of unreinforced masonry walls     

《地震工程与结构动力学》2018,47(6):1440-1459

Displacement‐based assessment procedures require as input reliable estimates of the deformation capacity of all structural elements. For unreinforced masonry (URM) walls, current design codes specify the in‐plane deformation capacity as empirical equations of interstory drift. National codes differ with regard to the parameters that are considered in these empirical drift capacity equations, but the inhomogeneity of datasets on URM wall tests renders it difficult to validate the hypotheses with the currently available experimental data. This paper contributes to the future development of such empirical relationships by investigating the sensitivity of the drift capacity to the shear span, the aspect ratio, the axial load ratio, and the size of the wall. For this purpose, finite element models of URM walls are developed in Abaqus/Explicit and validated against a set of experimental results. The results show that the axial load ratio, the shear span, and the wall size are among the factors that influence the drift capacity the most. Empirical equations are mainly derived from test results on small walls, and the numerical results suggest that this can lead to a significant overestimation of the drift capacity for larger walls.  相似文献   

再生空心砌块砌体填充墙-钢管再生混凝土框架骨架曲线模型研究          下载免费PDF全文

孟二从  余亚琳  苏益声  陈宗平 《世界地震工程》2018,34(1):131-137

为研究再生空心砌块砌体填充墙-钢管再生混凝土框架的骨架曲线模型,设计制作了2榀试件并对其进行低周反复加载试验,获取其滞回及骨架曲线。在此基础之上,对试件的骨架曲线模型进行相关的理论分析,建立了再生空心砌块砌体填充墙—钢管再生混凝土框架的四折线骨架曲线模型。研究表明:试件的滞回曲线呈现为饱满的梭形,表现出了良好的抗震耗能性能;通过相关理论分析建立的四折线骨架曲线模型与试验实测骨架曲线吻合良好,可为该类结构在地震作用下的弹塑性地震反应分析提供相关参考。  相似文献   

The effective stiffness of modern unreinforced masonry walls          下载免费PDF全文

Bastian Valentin Wilding  Katrin Beyer 《地震工程与结构动力学》2018,47(8):1683-1705

Code design of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is based on elastic analysis, which requires as input parameter the effective stiffness of URM walls. Eurocode estimates the effective stiffness as 50% of the gross sectional elastic stiffness, but comparisons with experimental results have shown that this may not yield accurate predictions. In this paper, 79 shear‐compression tests of modern URM walls of different masonry typologies from the literature are investigated. It shows that both the initial and the effective stiffness increase with increasing axial load ratio and that the effective‐to‐initial stiffness ratios are approximately 75% rather than the stipulated 50%. An empirical relationship that estimates the E‐modulus as a function of the axial load and the masonry compressive strength is proposed, yielding better estimates of the elastic modulus than the provision in Eurocode 6, which calculates the E‐modulus as a multiple of the compressive strength. For computing the ratio of the effective to initial stiffness, a mechanics‐based formulation is built on a recently developed analytical model for the force‐displacement response of URM walls. The model attributes the loss in stiffness to diagonal cracking and brick crushing, both of which are taken into account using mechanical considerations. The obtained results of the effective‐to‐initial stiffness ratio agree well with the test data. A sensitivity analysis using the validated model shows that the ratio of effective‐to‐initial stiffness is for most axial load ratios and wall geometries around 75%. Therefore, a modification of the fixed ratio of effective‐to‐initial stiffness from 50% to 75% is suggested.  相似文献   

In-plane–out-of-plane non-linear model of masonry infills in the seismic analysis of r.c.-framed buildings     

Fabio Mazza 《地震工程与结构动力学》2019,48(4):432-453

The out-of-plane (OOP) behaviour of masonry infills (MIs), inserted in reinforced concrete (r.c.)–framed buildings, is recognized as one of the most important failure modes of this nonstructural element during an earthquake, which may be a consequence of simultaneous or prior in-plane (IP) damage. A five-element macro-model, with four diagonal OOP non-linear beams and one horizontal IP non-linear truss, with an equivalent mass of the infill panel divided between two central nodes, takes into account the IP and OOP failure modes occurring in the event of seismic loading. Pivot hysteretic models predict the non-linear IP and OOP force-displacement laws of the infill panel, based on geometrical rules defining loading and unloading branches. Firstly, a calibration of the proposed IP-OOP interaction model of MIs is carried out considering full-scale experimental results of traditional masonry typologies. Each specimen is initially subjected to in-plane quasi-static cyclic loading, until a maximum drift is reached, and then one-sided OOP cycles are imposed pushing in the horizontal direction and back to zero force. Then a numerical investigation considers masonry infills of an existing six-storey r.c.-framed building designed in compliance with a former Italian seismic code. To evaluate the interaction, the results of simultaneous IP and OOP cyclic tests on MIs at the top, intermediate, and lowest levels of the test structure are presented, assuming different displacement histories: (1) OOP loading faster than IP, at the sixth storey; (2) equal IP and OOP loading, at the third storey; (3) IP loading faster than OOP, at the first storey. Finally, attention is focused on the contribution of masonry infills to the IP and OOP energy dissipation of r.c.-framed structures.  相似文献