Classifying the flow regimes of Mediterranean streams using multivariate analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Ons Oueslati  Anna Maria De Girolamo  Aziz Abouabdillah  Thomas R. Kjeldsen  Antonio Lo Porto 《水文研究》2015,29(22):4666-4682

Rivers in the Mediterranean region often exhibit an intermittent character. An understanding and classification of the flow regimes of these rivers is needed, as flow patterns control both physicochemical and biological processes. This paper reports an attempt to classify flow regimes in Mediterranean rivers based on hydrological variables extracted from discharge time series. Long‐term discharge records from 60 rivers within the Mediterranean region were analysed in order to classify the streams into different flow regime groups. Hydrological indices (HIs) were derived for each stream and principal component analysis (PCA) and then applied to these indices to identify subsets of HIs describing the major sources of variations, while simultaneously minimizing redundancy. PCA was performed for two groups of streams (perennial and temporary) and for all streams combined. The results show that whereas perennial streams are mainly described by high‐flow indices, temporary streams are described by duration, variability and predictability indices. Agglomerative cluster analysis based on HIs identified six groups of rivers classified according to differences in intermittency and variability. A methodology allowing such a classification for ungauged catchments was also tested. Broad‐scale catchment characteristics based on digital elevation, climate, soil and land use data were derived for each long‐term station where these data were available. By using stepwise multiple regression analysis, statistically significant relationships were fitted, linking the three selected hydrological variables (mean annual number of zero‐flow days, predictability and flashiness) to the catchment characteristics. The method provides a means of simplifying the complexity of river systems and is thus useful for river basin management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

盆地-山岭耦合体系与地球动力学机制   总被引：40，自引：1，他引：39  

刘和甫 《地球科学》2001,26(6):581-596

盆山耦合分析应该将地球动力学环境和板块运动学序列结合起来, 根据地球动力学环境所提出的: 伸展构造体系、挤压构造体系、走滑构造体系和克拉通构造体系进行定性与定量分析; 依照板块运动学序列所划分的主要旋回: 裂解阶段、俯冲阶段、碰撞阶段和后造山阶段进行定位与定时分析.伸展构造体系在离散期为陆内裂陷盆地及伸展造山带; 在聚合期为弧后裂陷盆地及张性岩浆弧造山带; 在后造山期为后继裂陷盆地及晚期伸展造山带.挤压构造体系在俯冲期为弧后前陆盆地及俯冲造山带; 在碰撞期为周缘前陆盆地及碰撞造山带; 在再活动期为再生前陆盆地及再生造山带.走滑构造体系在伸展期为走滑拉分盆地及剪张山岭; 在挤压期为走滑挠曲盆地及剪压造山带.克拉通构造体系在裂解期为克拉通内部盆地; 在拼合期为克拉通边缘盆地.   相似文献   

巴丹吉林沙漠沙山发育与环境演变研究   总被引：13，自引：6，他引：7  

闫满存  王光谦  董光荣  李保生 《中国沙漠》2001,21(4):361-366

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠风沙地貌、沙山地层结构、古沙山层理构造、沙山TL测年和区域输沙率等的综合研究表明,巴丹吉林地区自西北而东南大致可划分为河湖为主的弱水冲洪积扇、以河湖与风沙交替作用过度区和以风沙作用为主沙丘区。弱水冲洪积扇的发育为沙漠、沙山的发育提供了丰富的沙物质来源。高大沙山是更新世期间起伏的沙质下垫面与西风环流和季风环流相互作用的结果。末次冰期以前为西风环流为主时期,地表主导风向为西风,次为西北风,河湖环境发育;末次冰期以来为东亚季风环流为主时期,地表盛行风向为西北风,次为西风,风沙活动盛行。期间,风积床面经历了新月形、新月形沙丘链、复合新月形、复合沙丘链到复合型高大沙山的一系列复合、演变与发展过程。  相似文献   

花江喀斯特峡谷地区不同小生境土壤水分的动态研究   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9  

李安定  卢永飞  韦小丽  喻理飞 《中国岩溶》2008,27(1):56-62

对花江流域喀斯特石质山地人工造林地不同小生境（土面、石槽、石沟）的土壤物理性质和土壤水分动态变化规律进行了研究。研究结果表明:石沟的水分状况最好,土面的居中,石槽的最差;一年中不同小生境出现高墒期、低墒期的时段不一致;不同小生境水分胁迫频繁发生,但出现的次数、程度、持续时间各不相同;在持续干旱期,三种小生境中,失水最快的是石槽,其次是石沟,最后是土面,7天内损失水量分别为17．30％,14．49％,13．87％;土面、石槽、石沟出现轻度胁迫的时间分别为6d、6d、7d,土面、石槽在7天后出现中度胁迫。花江喀斯特峡谷地区不同小生境一般持续放晴7天就可能出现水分胁迫,这个数据可以作为生产上植物补水时间的依据。总体而言,石沟的土壤水分状况优于土面和石槽。针对不同小生境的水分动态特征,提出了树种选择、配置和林地土壤水分管理的建议。   相似文献   

华北中地壳滑脱面及其活动分区的天然地震研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李涛  周世卿 《现代地质》2009,23(6):1003-1011

华北的上部地壳以脆性变形为主,下部地壳以韧性伸展为主,两种截然不同的变形状态却有着相同伸展方向、相同伸展量,使得上下地壳之间因差异运动而形成一个区域性界面-华北中地壳顶部滑脱面。以这个滑脱面为底边界发育起来的上地壳的结构构造,是控制华北盆山格局、基底构造发育形成的直接原因。华北构造是地壳脆性域“薄皮”伸展变形。滑脱面在华北基本上是连续分布的,呈断坡-断坪状,南北分带、东西分片,深度为12~22 km,一般为15~18 km,可识别出11个层状拆离区;上地壳以断块方式变形,断块的位置、形态及活动方式受滑脱面的断坡-断坪产状、与滑脱方向垂直的断叉线和与滑脱方向平行的调整断裂的组合控制,可识别出3个主裂陷轴、2条主断叉线和3条主调整断裂带。  相似文献   

Evaluation of global optimization algorithms for parameter calibration of a computationally intensive hydrologic model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xuesong Zhang  Raghavan Srinivasan  Kaiguang Zhao  Mike Van Liew 《水文研究》2009,23(3):430-441

With the popularity of complex hydrologic models, the time taken to run these models is increasing substantially. Comparing and evaluating the efficacy of different optimization algorithms for calibrating computationally intensive hydrologic models is becoming a nontrivial issue. In this study, five global optimization algorithms (genetic algorithms, shuffled complex evolution, particle swarm optimization, differential evolution, and artificial immune system) were tested for automatic parameter calibration of a complex hydrologic model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), in four watersheds. The results show that genetic algorithms (GA) outperform the other four algorithms given model evaluation numbers larger than 2000, while particle swarm optimization (PSO) can obtain better parameter solutions than other algorithms given fewer number of model runs (less than 2000). Given limited computational time, the PSO algorithm is preferred, while GA should be chosen given plenty of computational resources. When applying GA and PSO for parameter optimization of SWAT, small population size should be chosen. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Missing role of groundwater in water and nutrient cycles in the shallow eutrophic lake Kasumigaura,Japan   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Tadanobu Nakayama  Masataka Watanabe 《水文研究》2008,22(8):1150-1172

A process‐based model was developed, NICE‐LAKE (NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies) Integrated Catchment‐based Ecohydrology), which includes interactions between surface water, canopy, unsaturated water, aquifer, lake and rivers, and used it to model the shallow eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura in Japan. By estimating the spatial distribution of the hydrological cycle, the model shows that groundwater withdrawal greatly affects groundwater distribution and seepage and indirectly influences lake water level. The simulated seepage agrees excellently with the budget‐derived value calculated from the observed groundwater level, lake level and isotope analyses. The model showed that groundwater seepage and groundwater concentrations are important contributors to the eutrophication of Lake Kasumigaura, an important contribution not recognized in previous studies of the lake. Groundwater entering the lake from the north side is contaminated with high concentrations of nitrate and ammonia from intensive pig and cattle raising and cultivated fields. The simulation showed that this high nitrogen load plays an important role in the eutrophication of the lake (the nitrogen load in inflowing groundwater is 30% of river inflow and 4 times that from wastewater treatment plants) in spite of government policies to prevent overland flow of nutrients into the lake. Our results show that NICE‐LAKE is a powerful tool for forecasting how the water quality of the lake will be affected by the (illegal) disposal of animal excreta in the surrounding open fields. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A spatial assessment of hydrologic alteration caused by dam construction in the middle and lower Yellow River,China   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Tao Yang  Qiang Zhang  Yongqin David Chen  Xin Tao  Chong‐yu Xu  Xi Chen 《水文研究》2008,22(18):3829-3843

The ‘range of variability approach’ (RVA) and mapping technique are used to investigate the spatial variability of hydrologic alterations (HA) due to dam construction along the middle and lower Yellow River, China, over the past five decades. The impacts of climate variability on hydrological process have been removed during wet and dry periods and the focus is on the impacts of human activities, such as dam construction, on hydrological processes. Results indicate the following: (1) The impacts of the Sanmenxia reservoir on the hydrologic alteration are relatively slight with a mean HA value of 0·48, ranking in the last place among the four large reservoirs. (2) Xiaolangdi reservoir has significantly changed the natural flow regime downstream with mean HA value of 0·56, ranking it in first place among the large reservoirs. (3) The results of ranked median degrees of 33 hydrologic alteration indicators for 10 stations in the Yellow River show that the hydrologic alteration of Huayuankou ranks the highest among 10 stream gauges. (4) Impacts of reservoirs on hydrological processes downstream of the dams are closely associated with the regulating activities of the reservoirs. At the same time, alterations of streamflow regimes resulting from climatic changes (e.g. precipitation variability) make the situation more complicated and more hydrological observations will be necessary for further analysis. The results of the current study will be greatly beneficial to the regional water resources management and restoration of eco‐environmental systems in the middle and lower Yellow River characterized by intensified dam construction under a changing environment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

对斯特恩新报告的要点评述和解读     

陈迎  潘家华 《气候变化研究进展》2008,4(05):266-271

2006年10月,英国推出的由著名经济学家斯特恩爵士领导编写的《斯特恩回顾：气候变化经济学》,从经济学的角度着重论述了全球应对气候变化的紧迫性,强调只有尽快大幅度减少温室气体排放,才能避免全球升温超过2℃可能造成的巨大经济损失,且减排成本并不高。2008年4月,斯特恩爵士再次推出一份报告,提出为实现上述目标构建2012年后国际气候制度的基本要素,这对后续国际谈判可能会产生一定的影响。通过比较分析两份报告的关系和不同特点,对新报告中国际气候制度设计和评价的基本原则,全球减排的长期目标和减排义务的分担,通过资金、技术、市场、适应等国际政策措施吸引发展中国家参与,减少毁林排放,以及政策执行和制度建设等问题进行了评述和解读,其中内涵对深入开展国际气候制度的研究和我国参与国际气候谈判有重要启发。  相似文献   

Antioxidant responses to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis): Do mussels “integrate” biomarker responses?     

Bruce J. Richardson  Eva Mak  Sharon B. De Luca-Abbott  Michael Martin  Katherine McClellan  Paul K.S. Lam 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):503

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) are generally present in the marine environment in complex mixtures. The ecotoxicological nature of contaminant interactions, however, is poorly understood, with most scientific observations derived from single contaminant exposure experiments. The objective of this experiment was to examine dose-response relationships between antioxidant parameters and body contaminant levels in mussels exposed to different exposure regimes under laboratory conditions. Accordingly, the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis, was challenged with a mixture of PAHs (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene) and OC pesticides (α-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, p,p′-DDT) over a 4 week period. Contaminants were delivered under four different dosing regimes, with all treatments receiving the same total contaminant load by the end of the exposure period. Antioxidant biomarkers were measured after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, including glutathione (GSH), gluathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and lipid peroxidase (LPO). GST and CAT were induced in hepatic tissues in most of the exposure regimes, with the majority of significant induction occurring in a constant exposure regime and a two-step alternate exposure regime. Significant differences among exposure regimes were detected in the body burden of contaminants after 28 days. Hepatic CAT and GSH are proposed as potentially useful biomarkers as they showed good correlation with target contaminants and were not readily affected by different dosing patterns.  相似文献