鄂尔多斯草原沙漠交错区生态系统健康评价——以十大孔兑为例     

白雪莲  王理想  季树新  陈正新  常学礼 《中国沙漠》2020,40(1):187-194

生态系统健康是生态学在景观和区域尺度的主要研究领域,应用RS技术判读生态系统格局变化是生态系统健康评价有效手段。十大孔兑地处中国草原沙漠交错区,受到的干扰较多,生态系统健康状况在中国生态交错区具有代表性。基于生态系统（土地利用）格局和相应生态系统服务价值当量应用RS和GIS技术评价了十大孔兑地区不同地理类型区生态系统健康状况。结果表明：（1）十大孔兑生态系统以健康区为主,面积为686 925.72 hm²,占总面积64.66%;研究区南部（草原区）、中部（沙漠区）和北部（平原区）健康区比例都大于50%。（2）健康区最大斑块指数（LPI）总体为62.47%,从北到南分别为22.42%、65.04%、66.25%;平均欧几里得距离（ENN_MN）总体为526.51 m,从北到南分别为293.47、287.14、298.09 m。（3）健康区在十大孔兑以集中连片团聚结构为绝对优势,尤其是南部和中部表现明显,但是北部团聚性较南部和中部弱;良好区和恶化区呈现为低频率离散分布,北部较南部和中部良好区分布频率更高、更聚集,南部较中部和北部恶化区分布频率更低、更离散;较好区和较差区呈现高频率离散分布。  相似文献   

荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性与维持机制   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

常学礼  李秀梅  白雪莲  季树新  王理想 《中国沙漠》2020,40(3):43-50

景观稳定性与维持机制是景观生态学理论的重要基础。由于人类活动干扰和景观斑块自然属性及资源条件约束,荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性研究成为干旱区生态学研究热点。选取描述景观斑块大小（MPA）、数量（PD）、大斑块优势度（LPI）和斑块空间关系（ENN）等4个指数,采用统计学中的变异系数和景观稳定性指数分析了荒漠绿洲交错区不同景观水平稳定性。从景观指数稳定性来看,无论是景观或斑块类型水平,斑块间平均距离指数稳定性最高,平均斑块面积指数次之,斑块密度指数居第三,大斑块优势度指数最低。景观与斑块类型水平比较而言,景观尺度同类指数稳定性都高于斑块类型尺度。从景观稳定性时间尺度依赖特征来看,线性趋势分析表明景观水平尺度依赖特征达到了显著水平（P=0.003）,低于斑块类型水平的沙质荒漠（P<0.001）与砾质荒漠（P<0.001）。从景观稳定性维持机制来看,Pearson相关分析显示人类活动导致的绿洲化和地下水埋深是影响荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性的主要原因（双侧检查都为P<0.01）;沙漠化过程（0.01 < P < 0.05）和相邻斑块属性等自然现状是次要原因。  相似文献   

历史上冀中平原“塘泺”湖泊群的分布与水系结构     

邓辉  卜凡 《地理学报》2020,75(11):2332-2345

“塘泺”是北宋时期分布在冀中平原中部的巨大湖泊群,由大小数十个湖泊组成,东西绵延260 km,今天的白洋淀、文安洼、东淀、团泊洼、北大港,均属于“塘泺”的残余。本文在实地考察的基础上,综合集成历史文献记载、大比例尺地形图、ETM遥感数据、DEM数据、土壤调查数据、古地图数据,系统复原了北宋“塘泺”的空间分布范围与内部水系结构。研究表明,北宋“塘泺”的自然地理基础是分布在冀中凹陷带上以白洋淀、文安洼、团泊洼为代表的三大洼地,以及分布在这些洼地内的天然湖泊和河流。北宋朝廷出于军事防御目的,利用这些洼地和湖泊,开挖渠道,修筑堤坝,开辟水口,导引水源,调控水位,把位于今大清河以南的各条河流几乎全部导入了各区湖泊,把原有湖泊的水面尽量扩大,并将其串联成为相互连通的湖泊水面,从而形成了历史上冀中平原上最大的湖泊系统。  相似文献   

提高北方农牧交错带农业生态系统生产力的对策与建议   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

董孝斌  高旺盛 《山地学报》2005,23(2):213-217

北方农牧交错带是中、东部平原农区的重要生态屏障,在我国具有重要的地位,并由于其系统生产力水平低下,生态和经济问题比较严重而倍受关注。如何协调农牧业生产及农牧民收入稳定增长,提高农业系统生产力是该区域的核心研究问题。围绕提高其系统生产力实现可持续发展的目标,提出了一些具体的对策和建议。  相似文献   

绿洲-沙漠过渡带柽柳灌丛沙堆表面的蚀、积特征     

杨帆 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2013,7(5):55-61

灌丛沙堆表面的蚀、积特征直接影响着沙堆的形成和发育,是研究灌丛沙堆的重要方面。选择策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带内半固定沙地和流动沙地上的各一个独立柽柳沙堆作为表面蚀、积特征的定点观测对象,运用地形测量结合插钎法对每场大风后沙堆表面的蚀、积量与蚀、积分布状况进行计算分析。结果表明：（1）处于半固定沙地的柽柳沙堆,整体蚀、积空间分布规律不显著且蚀、积量相对较少,以微弱的蚀、积变化为显著特征,形态相对稳定。与之相对,处于流动沙地的柽柳沙堆,整体具有显著的空间分布规律和较高的蚀、积强度,这表明柽柳沙堆所处环境的沙源供给强度是控制沙堆单体规模的主要因素之一。（2）伴随着柽柳灌丛开始萌动到逐渐形成一定的灌丛覆盖,沙堆表面由大面积侵蚀逐步转为积沙,风蚀退缩到沙堆两侧且总体上沙堆体积在年内呈先减小后增大的波动状态。（3）柽柳灌丛沙堆以灌丛内部具有覆盖的保护区域及背风侧大面积稳定积沙,迎风和两侧区域强烈风蚀为主要蚀、积分布特征。  相似文献   

Characteristics of Wind Erosion and Deposition in Oasis-desert Ecotone in Southern Margin of Tarim Basin,China     

MAO Donglei  LEI Jiaqiang  ZENG Fanjiang  RAHMUTULLA Zaynulla  WANG Cui  ZHOU Jie 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2014,(6):658-673

The oasis-desert ecotone is a fragile ecological zone that is affected both by oasis and desert conditions. To understand the impact of the differences in wind power, and the influence of wind erosion and deposition on the ecotone, meteorological data and con- temporaneous wind erosion and deposition data were collected on the southern margin of Tarim Basin with serious sand-blown hazards. The wind velocity, average wind velocity, sand drift potential （DP）, resultant sand drift potential （RDP）, and sand transportation rate decrease significantly and successively across four landscape types with increasing vegetation coverage （VC）. Flat surfaces and areas of shifting sandy ground experience intense wind erosion with fast movement of mobile sand dunes; semi-fixed sand areas experience ex- tensive wind deposition but only slight wind erosion; and fixed sand areas experience only slight wind erosion and deposition. Volume of wind erosion on bare newly reclaimed farmland is up to 6.96 times that of bare shifting sandy ground. Wind erosion volume per unit area and VC follow an exponential function relationship in natural conditions, while wind deposition volume per unit area does not conform to any functions which has close relationship with vary topography and arrangement patterns of vegetation besides for VC. The results indicate that the volume of wind erosion has a close correlation with VC, and different types and distribution patterns of topog- raphy and vegetation also profoundly influence the wind deposition volume in the field, and underground water tables in different land- scape types control the plant community distribution. Keywords： wind erosion; wind deposition; oasis-desert ecotone; vegetation coverage （VC）; topography; Cele County  相似文献   

SANDSTONE WEATHERING THRESHOLDS IN PETRA,JORDAN     

Thomas R. Paradise 《自然地理学》2013,34(3):205-222

From ongoing research examining weathering rates and mechanisms in the Paleozoic sandstones of Petra, Jordan, two possible thresholds have been identified. From a carved Roman Theater built under Vitruvian standards during the first century A.D., a two-meter sampling scheme was used to measure the presently weathered surfaces from a hypothetical false datum determined through originally documented Roman engineering and construction canon. Some 526 depth measurements were made on vertical and horizontal surfaces and correlated to the intrinsic variables of sandstone matrix-to-clast ratios, overall densities, matrix chemistry (Si, Ca, Fe, Al concentrations), and to the extrinsic accumulated annual insolation receipt (mega-joules/m²).

When matrix iron concentrations exceeded 2%, an abrupt decrease in overall weatherability is indicated until weathering is found to have decreased below measurable limits at 4%. It is speculated that matrix iron acts as a sandstone-clast binding agent, reducing clast disaggregation. In sandstone strata with matrix calcium concentrations exceeding 10%, weathering was accelerated with insolation >5200–5300 megajoules/m². It is speculated that the increased heating from insolation is responsible for irregular calcite crystal expansion and contraction causing matrix/clast interface microfracturing, clast disaggregation, and subsequent weathering.

Mean recession rates ranged from 13 to 66 mm/millennium on horizontal surfaces and from 7 to 18 mm/millennium on vertical surfaces. Gross differences in recession rates were attributed to the extrinsic influences of moisture availability (slope) and insolation (aspect), while minor differences were attributed to intrinsic characteristics of matrix chemistry (Fe, Ca), sandstone density, and clast/matrix ratios. [Key words: sandstone, weathering, erosion, Petra, Jordan.]  相似文献   

Rocky Substrate and the Lower Treeline Ecotone of Yellowstone's Northern Range     

《自然地理学》2013,34(4):356-373

Lower treeline ecotones are influenced by several processes, including fire, grazing, and climatic variables, but rocky substrate is an under-recognized factor affecting their patterns and dynamics. On the Northern Range of Yellowstone National Park, we hypothesized that north-facing slopes and riparian zones would explain the distribution of most forested areas, but that rocky substrate would explain a substantial additional portion of the lower treeline, and that advancement of conifers into grassland has occurred along rocky substrate. We used GIS software and change detection analysis to assess the spatial distribution and change of the forest with respect to north-facing slopes, riparian areas, and rocky substrate. As in other lower treeline studies, we found that north-facing slopes and riparian zones contained the majority of forested land (63%). However, areas with rocky substrate accounted for more forested area than north-facing slopes and riparian zones combined (67.4%), including 28% of forest that was not explained by the first two variables. Change detection analysis between 1954 and 2006 revealed that conifer advancement was insignificant but the number of forested patches increased and the mean size of patches decreased. These results suggest a more fragmented lower treeline environment that may indicate forest advancement in small patches. Field surveys revealed that rocky substrate did not provide conifers with protection from browsing ungulates or fire, yet conifers preferentially established on rocky areas. Our landscape analysis suggests that weathered rock increases soil coarseness in a landscape dominated by fine glacial till, which improves conditions for seedling establishment by reducing competition with grasses and shrubs sufficiently to overcome the negative influence of dry, nutrient-poor microsites in a moisture-stressed environment.  相似文献   

The Role of Thresholds and Fine-Scale Processes in Driving Upper Treeline Dynamics in the Bighorn Mountains,Wyoming   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

《自然地理学》2013,34(2):129-145

This research investigates whether abrupt changes indicative of a threshold response occurred in the spatial and temporal patterns of tree establishment within upper treeline ecotones in the Bighorn Mountains of north-central Wyoming, with a particular focus on assessing whether treeline advance occurred. Dendroecological techniques were used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal patterns of tree establishment at multiple spatial scales (local and landscape). Increases in the elevational extent of treeline and tree density above timberline were reconstructed for each decade of the 20^th century. Regime-shift analysis was used to detect threshold changes in tree establishment. Marked increases in tree establishment and density occurred at local and landscape scales during the 20th century, particularly during the post-1970 period and in areas above timberline. Varying degrees of treeline advance occurred during this time, yet establishment upslope from timberline was often contingent on the availability of sheltered microsites in the lee of boulders. This highlights the importance of both broad-scale climate inputs and fine-scale site conditions in governing the rate and pattern of tree establishment in high-elevation treeline environments. Overall, the abrupt changes in tree establishment over time and space since 1970 suggest that bioclimatic thresholds can strongly influence ecotonal dynamics at upper treeline.  相似文献   

Species diversity and its relation with soil factors under different site conditions in a desert-oasis ecotone     

TingTing Xie  PeiXi Su  ZiJuan Zhou  ShanJia Li  HaiNa Zhang 《寒旱区科学》2013,5(3):0331-0338

Vegetation and soil surveys were conducted under different site conditions in 2007–2011 to study species diversity using richness, evenness and diversity indices, in the middle portion of the Heihe River Basin. The relationship between species distribution and soil environmental factors was also studied by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Results show that vegetation coverage and species diversity were the highest in the interdune lowland, and the lowest in the mobile dune. Results of the Hill’s index (diversity ordering) shows that species diversity is reduced along decreasing soil water content, and the order of species diversity was interdune lowland, flat slope, fixed dune, semifixed dune and mobile dune. The influence degree of soil factors on vegetation distribution was soil water content > pH > total K > organic matter > available N > total N > available K > total P > saline content > available P. Soil water content and pH were important factors significantly affecting spatial distribution difference of vegetation, the environmental explanation was 98%.  相似文献