A new interpretation of the sedimentary environment before and during eruption of the Emeishan LIP,Southwest China     

《International Geology Review》2012,54(10):1295-1313

The environment where the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (LIP) of Southwest China erupted remains controversial, especially regarding whether it was terrestrial, involving a 1 km scale domal uplift, or submarine. Slightly younger Daqiao conglomerate and Binchuan pillow lavas suggest that the Emeishan LIP erupted in a submarine environment. We show that at Binchuan, sandstone and rhyolite lie beneath the pillow lavas. In the Daqiao cross-section, there is an eastwards-verging syncline that reverses the succession of basalt and conglomerate. The conglomerate is not a basal conglomerate, and it does not contain any magmatic hydrovolcanic deposits. The basalt underlying the conglomerate is not the first of the LIP eruptions; that first eruption is found ~420 m below, on top of the Permian Maokou limestone. All together, these observations show that the deposits, including the conglomerate and pillow lava, do not represent the environment at the very start of the LIP volcanic eruptions, but represent conditions that existed before and possibly during the Emeishan LIP eruptions. Based on field investigations, the petrology of the rocks, and structural features, we conclude that submarine sedimentation and subaerial basalt eruptions coexisted in time and space in the region during or prior to the Emeishan LIP basalt eruptions.  相似文献   

On the effect of lava viscosity on the magnetic fabric intensity in alkaline volcanic rocks     

F. Hrouda  M. Chlupáčová  K. Schulmann  J. Šmíd  P. Závada 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2005,49(2):191-212

The degree of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of basaltic rocks, as is known from the large AMS database of these rocks, is generally very low, while in more acidic volcanic rocks such as andesites, trachytes and phonolites, which have been investigated much less frequently, it is in general much higher. In the present study, the AMS of various volcanic rocks including trachytic and phonolitic rocks was investigated in the Tertiary volcanic region of the eské stedohoí Mts. Viscosities of the respective lavas were calculated from the chemical composition using the KWARE program. A rough correlation was found between the degree of AMS and lava viscosities, probably resulting from different mechanisms orienting the magnetic minerals. In basaltic lava flows this mechanism is traditionally considered to be of a hydrodynamic nature, in trachytic and phonolitic bodies it can also be represented by quasi-intrusive flows resembling, at least partially, ductile flow deformation. This is in agreement with the AMS data predicted by the viscous (liquid flow) and line/plane (ductile flow) models.  相似文献   

Snow-contact volcanic facies and their use in determining past eruptive environments at Nevados de Chillán volcano, Chile     

K. Mee  H. Tuffen  J. S. Gilbert 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,68(4):363-376

Studies of the eruptive products from volcanoes with variable ice and snow cover and a long history of activity enable reconstruction of erupted palaeoenvironments, as well as highlighting the hazards associated with meltwater production, such as jökulhlaups and magma-water interaction. Existing difficulties include estimation of ice/snow thicknesses and discrimination between ice- and snow-contact lithofacies. We present field evidence from the Cerro Blanco subcomplex of Nevados de Chillán stratovolcano, central Chile, which has erupted numerous times in glacial and non-glacial periods and most recently produced andesitic lava flows in the 1861–1865 eruption from the Santa Gertrudis cone on the northwest flank of the volcano. The main period of lava effusion occurred during the winter of 1861 when the upper flanks of the volcano were reportedly covered in snow and ice. The bases and margins of the first lava flows produced are cut by arcuate fractures, which are interpreted as snow-contact features formed when steam generated from the melting of snow entered tensional fractures at the flow base. In contrast, the interiors and upper parts of these flows, as well as the overlying flow units, have autobrecciated and blocky textures typical of subaerial conditions, due to insulation by the underlying lava. Similar textures found in a lava flow dated at 90.0±0.6 ka that was emplaced on the northwest flank of Cerro Blanco, are also inferred to be ice and snow-contact features. These textures have been used to infer that a small valley glacier, overlain by snow, existed in the Santa Gertrudis Valley at the time of the eruption. Such reconstructions are important for determining the long-term evolution of the volcano as well as assessing future hazards at seasonally snow-covered volcanoes.  相似文献   

Determination of flow directions by combining AMS and thin-section analyses: implications for Oligocene volcanism in the Kerguelen Archipelago (southern Indian Ocean)     

G. Plenier  P. Camps  B. Henry  B. Ildefonse 《Geophysical Journal International》2005,160(1):63-78

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跨孔电磁层析技术对桥墩溶岩洞的探测   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郭贵安 《CT理论与应用研究》2001,10(1):44-51

肇庆大桥位于西江流域，是连接肇庆和珠江三角洲地区的主要干线上的大桥。5个主桥墩位于溶洞和断层破碎带上，以往常用的单桩单孔的方法只能查有10cm直径垂直下方的溶洞分布情况，这种常规的方法难于查明整个桥墩位下方的溶洞分布情况，而且一孔之见难于达到技术要求。近年来发展起来的CT成像技术，正好可以弥补这方面的不足。本次电磁波CT探测法在肇庆大桥5个主桥墩的溶洞探测结果说明，这种方法是可行的，溶洞探测结果还经过最后的钻桩验证。  相似文献   

Assessment and Modelling of Lava Flow Hazard on Lanzarote (Canary Islands)     

Felpeto  A.  Araña  V.  Ortiz  R.  Astiz  M.  García  A. 《Natural Hazards》2001,23(2-3):247-257

This paper presents an evaluation of the lava flowhazard on Lanzarote (Canary Islands) by means of aprobabilistic maximum slope model. This model assumesthat the topography plays the major role indetermining the path that a lava flow will follow. Thearea selected for containing future emission centreshas been chosen taking into account thecharacteristics of the recent eruptive activity andthe present activity of the island. The results of thesimulations constitute hazard maps whose values ateach point represent the probability of being coveredby lava. These results are qualitatively analysed toprovide some indication of the risk to the lifelines(electricity, drinking water etc.) of the island.  相似文献   

Interpretation of porosity in dacite lava domes as ductile–brittle failure textures     

J. V. Smith  Y. Miyake  T. Oikawa 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2001,112(1-4)

Pores in dacite lavas of three volcanoes in Japan (Unzen, Yakedake and Daisen) have characteristics unlike vesicles. Most of the pores have ragged walls marked by the protrusion of groundmass crystals and phenocrysts. The shapes of these pores range from irregular to planar. Many pores occur in ‘pressure shadows’ adjacent to phenocrysts. Some pores are crack-like and pass around phenocrysts and have blunt terminations. Most of the pores are interpreted as the result of failure of the magma by flow during ductile–brittle transition. This phenomenon, known as cavitation, is well established in hydraulics and the material sciences. Cavitation of the lavas in this study was promoted by steep slope of emplacement, subtle mechanical contrasts between bands, and strain intensification around rigid crystals and lithic fragments. Cavitation in lava can extract volatiles from magma causing premature embrittlement and weakening. Cavitation is inferred to be critical to the initiation of lava-front pyroclastic flows.  相似文献   

Revisiting the 1669 Etnean eruptive crisis using a cellular automata model and implications for volcanic hazard in the Catania area     

G. M. Crisci  S. Di Gregorio  R. Rongo  M. Scarpelli  W. Spataro  S. Calvari 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2003,123(1-2):211

Cellular Automata provide an alternative approach to standard numerical methods for modelling some complex natural systems, the behaviour of which can be described in terms of local interactions of their constituent parts. SCIARA is a 2-D Cellular Automata model which simulates lava flows. It was tested on, validated by, and improved on several Etnean lava events such as the 1986–1987 eruption and the first and last phase of the 1991–1993 event. With respect to forecasting the surface covered by the lava flows, the best results were acceptable. The model has been used to determine hazard zones in the inhabited areas of Nicolosi, Pedara, S. Alfio and Zafferana (Sicily, Italy). The main goal of the current work in the Etnean area from Nicolosi to Catania has been the verification of the volcanic hazard effects of an eruptive crisis similar to the event that occurred in 1669. The simulation uses the volcanic data of the 1669 eruption with present-day morphology. Catania has been affected by some historical Etnean events, the most famous one being the 1669 eruption, involving 1 km³ of lava erupted over the course of 120 days. The simulation of ephemeral vents and the use of different histories within the experiments have been crucial in the determination of a new hazard area for Catania. In fact, during the simulation the city was never affected without the introduction of ephemeral vents, proving the fact that lava tubes played a fundamental role in the 1669 Catania lava crisis.  相似文献   

甘肃景泰县老虎山地区蛇绿岩及其上覆岩系中枕状熔岩的地球化学特征   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10  

张旗  王岳明 《岩石学报》1997,13(1):92-99

甘肃景泰县老虎山地区蛇绿岩之上覆盖着一套镁铁质的喷出岩和沉积岩组合，位于蛇绿岩的枕状熔岩之上，不是蛇绿岩的成员，为蛇绿岩的上覆岩系。蛇绿岩的枕状熔岩具Ｎ－ＭＯＲＢ的特征，而其上覆岩系中的枕状熔岩类似Ｅ－ＭＯＲＢ。前者来自扩张脊的下部岩浆房；后者推测源于扩张脊之外的岩浆房，也是软流圈地幔中等至高程度部分熔融的产物，不过，可能有少量来自下地幔的物质的加入  相似文献   

From alkali basalt to phonolite in hand-size samples: vapor-differentiation effects in the Bouzentès lava flow (Cantal, France)     

Martial Caroff  Ccile Ambrics  RenC. Maury  Joseph Cotten 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1997,79(1-2)

The Bouzentès lava flow is a 20-m-thick alkali basalt flow emplaced during the last stage of formation of the Cantal stratovolcano at 4.2 Ma. Its upper part has 1- to 20-cm-thick vesicle-rich segregation sheets which recur every 0.1–2 m. These horizontal veins are hawaiitic in composition. They are characterized by hypertrophic development of their minerals (‘pegmatoids’) and by glassy phonolitic segregation vesicles. Internal differentiation within the Bouzentès lava flow was triggered by an unusually high water content, as suggested by pre-emptive iddingsite alteration of olivine phenocrysts. The proposed model of formation of the segregation sheets includes the upward motion of diapirs of residual melt plus addition of vapor from the bottom of the central liquid lens to the base of the upper solidified crust of the cooling lava flow. Olivine settling appears to have been inhibited or at least retarded by upward migration of melt plus vesicles. Most of the features observed in Bouzentès recall the internal differentiation processes usually described within thick Hawaiian lava lakes. The segregation vesicles are believed to result from an increase of gas solubility in residual melt during the crystallization process.  相似文献