Kaguyak dome field and its Holocene caldera,Alaska Peninsula     

Judy Fierstein  Wes Hildreth 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Kaguyak Caldera lies in a remote corner of Katmai National Park, 375 km SW of Anchorage, Alaska. The 2.5-by-3-km caldera collapsed ~ 5.8 ± 0.2 ka (¹⁴C age) during emplacement of a radial apron of poorly pumiceous crystal-rich dacitic pyroclastic flows (61–67% SiO₂). Proximal pumice-fall deposits are thin and sparsely preserved, but an oxidized coignimbrite ash is found as far as the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 80 km southwest. Postcaldera events include filling the 150-m-deep caldera lake, emplacement of two intracaldera domes (61.5–64.5% SiO₂), and phreatic ejection of lakefloor sediments onto the caldera rim. CO₂ and H₂S bubble up through the lake, weakly but widely. Geochemical analyses (n = 148), including pre-and post-caldera lavas (53–74% SiO₂), define one of the lowest-K arc suites in Alaska. The precaldera edifice was not a stratocone but was, instead, nine contiguous but discrete clusters of lava domes, themselves stacks of rhyolite to basalt exogenous lobes and flows. Four extracaldera clusters are mid-to-late Pleistocene, but the other five are younger than 60 ka, were truncated by the collapse, and now make up the steep inner walls. The climactic ignimbrite was preceded by ~ 200 years by radial emplacement of a 100-m-thick sheet of block-rich glassy lava breccia (62–65.5% SiO₂). Filling the notches between the truncated dome clusters, the breccia now makes up three segments of the steep caldera wall, which beheads gullies incised into the breccia deposit prior to caldera formation. They were probably shed by a large lava dome extruding where the lake is today.  相似文献   

Hazards from pyroclastic density currents at Mt. Etna (Italy)     

Boris Behncke   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,180(2-4):148

Despite the recent recognition of Mount Etna as a periodically violently explosive volcano, the hazards from various types of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) have until now received virtually no attention at this volcano. Large-scale pyroclastic flows last occurred during the caldera-forming Ellittico eruptions, 15–16 ka ago, and the risk of them occurring in the near future is negligible. However, minor PDCs can affect much of the summit area and portions of the upper flanks of the volcano. During the past ~ 20 years, small pyroclastic flows or base-surge-like vapor and ash clouds have occurred in at least 8 cases during summit eruptions of Etna. Four different mechanisms of PDC generation have been identified during these events: (1) collapse of pyroclastic fountains (as in 2000 and possibly in 1986); (2) phreatomagmatic explosions resulting from mixing of lava with wet rock (2006); (3) phreatomagmatic explosions resulting from mixing of lava with thick snow (2007); (4) disintegration of the unstable flanks of a lava dome-like structure growing over the rim of one of the summit craters (1999). All of these recent PDCs were of a rather minor extent (maximum runout lengths were about 1.5 km in November 2006 and March 2007) and thus they represented no threat for populated areas and human property around the volcano. Yet, events of this type pose a significant threat to the lives of people visiting the summit area of Etna, and areas in a radius of 2 km from the summit craters should be off-limits anytime an event capable of producing similar PDCs occurs. The most likely source of further PDCs in the near future is the Southeast Crater, the youngest, most active and most unstable of the four summit craters of Etna, where 6 of the 8 documented recent PDCs originated. It is likely that similar hazards exist in a number of volcanic settings elsewhere, especially at snow- or glacier-covered volcanoes and on volcano slopes strongly affected by hydrothermal alteration.  相似文献   

微分几何学在地质构造定量研究中的应用     

李志勇  曾佐勋  罗文强 《地质力学学报》2005,11(4):370-376,349

阐述了在构造地质学定量研究中引入微分几何学的必要性,并讨论了在地质构造定量研究中的具体应用及相关的数值计算方法.微分几何为定量描述地质构造形态、建立精确的数学解析模型提供了基础,是深入定量研究地质构造形态及其变化的重要数学工具.在前人工作基础上,为更方便地与其他先进的技术和方法相结合,总结了地质构造的数学建模与重构、计算机自动分析计算、三维可视化与运动仿真.具体可以应用于裂缝预测、构造面形变分析、褶皱形态分类、隐藏断层探测,以及矿床和油气藏的预测研究等方面.   相似文献   

白银厂的火山碎悄岩岩石学与古海相火山作用     

李智佩  彭礼贵 《岩石学报》2000,16(2):183-190

应用古火山地质学和岩石地球化学对白银厂中酸性火山穹隆内的凝灰岩、昌屑凝灰岩、中酸性枕状、绳状熔岩和具有特殊构造的补丁岩等火山碎屑碉进行了较快速度沉降并堆积成岩,产于火山喷口附近。海底成矿热液蚀变作用使其ＳｉＯ２、ＦｅＯ、ＭｇＯ、ＣＯ２等化学成分发生变化。凝灰质千枚岩则是细火山灰在海吕中经缓慢的沉降后形成于远离火山口的火山斜坡上的火山－沉积变质岩。根据“０补丁”的成分可将补丁岩分为两种类型：绿泥石质  相似文献   

综放开采顶煤裂隙及其对渗透性研究的意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

程国明  黄侃  王思敬 《煤田地质与勘探》2002,30(6):19-21

在对综放工作面的煤样进行微观研究基础上,首次运用多重分形理论对顶煤裂隙的不均匀性和各向异性进行了定量表征,并将顶煤裂隙不均匀系数运用于渗透系数研究中,计算结果与实测基本吻合,表明运用多重分形方法,可为研究顶煤节理裂隙及其渗透性研究提供一个新的方法。   相似文献   

甘肃南祁连党河南山中奥陶世火山岩的地球化学特征   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

赵虹  党犇  王崇礼 《现代地质》2004,18(1):64-69

甘肃南祁连褶皱带党河南山地区中奥陶世火山岩的岩石学和微量元素、稀土元素的地球化学等研究证明,本区火山岩由基性火山岩和中性火山岩组成。其中,基性火山岩分属碱性玄武岩系列和拉斑玄武岩系列;而中性火山岩为一套钙碱性安山岩,二者均具有低钾、高钠的特点。这些火山岩的稀上元素配分曲线均属于轻稀土富集型,(w(La)／W(Yb))_N=2.73～7777,(w(La)／w(Sm))_N=1.43～3.21,(w(Gd)／w(Yb))_N=1.01～1.92．明显地表现为轻稀土元素配分曲线陡倾,而重稀土元素配分曲线相对平坦的特征。微量元素配分曲线图表现为大离子亲石元素的富集和Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf及Ti不同程度的亏损。这些岩石学和地球化学的特征证明本区火山岩形成于岛弧环境。  相似文献   

Hydraulic pathways in the crystalline rock of the KTB   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Günter Zimmermann  Alexander Körner  & Hans Burkhardt 《Geophysical Journal International》2000,142(1):4-14

  相似文献   

Permanent water level drop associated with the Spitak Earthquake: observations at Lisi Borehole (Republic of Georgia) and modelling   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. Gavrilenko  G. Melikadzé  T. Chélidzé  D. Gibert  G. Kumsiashvili 《Geophysical Journal International》2000,143(1):83-98

  相似文献   

Kinematic significance of fold- and fault-related fracture systems in the Zagros mountains, southern Iran     

Katayoun Mobasher  Hassan A. Babaie   《Tectonophysics》2008,451(1-4):156-169

Initiation and formation of folds and the Kazerun high-angle fault zone, in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt, were related to the continuing SW–NE oriented contraction that probably initiated in the Late Cretaceous, and intensified, starting in Miocene, when the Arabian and Eurasian plates collided. The contraction that led to folding and thrusting of the Phanerozoic sequence in the belt has led to the strike–slip reactivation of basement faults that formed during the Precambrian. Two major systems of fractures have developed, under the same regional state of contraction, during the folding and strike–slip faulting processes. Folding led to the formation of a system of fold-related fractures that comprises four sets of fractures, which include an axial and a cross-axial set that trend parallel and perpendicular to the confining fold axial trace, respectively, and two oblique sets that trend at moderate angles to the axial trace. Slip along high-angle, strike–slip faults formed a system of fractures in the damage zone of the faults (e.g., Kazerun), and deformed folds that existed in the shear zone by rotating their axial plane. This fault-related fracture system is made of five sets of fractures, which include the two sets of Riedel shear fractures (R and R′), P- and Y-shear fractures, and an extensional set.

Remote sensing analysis of both fracture systems, in a GIS environment, reveals a related kinematic history for folding outside of the Kazerun shear zone and faulting and deformation (fracturing and rotation of folds) within the Kazerun fault zone. Rotation of the folds and formation of the five sets of the fault-related fractures in the Kazerun shear zone are consistent with a dextral motion along the fault. The mean trends of the shortening directions, independently calculated for the fold- and fault-related fracture systems, are remarkably close (N53 ± 4°E and N50 ± 5°E, respectively), and are perpendicular to the general NW–SE trend of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. Although segments of the Kazerun fault are variably oriented within a narrow range, the angular relationships between sets of fault-related fractures and these segments remain constant.  相似文献   

Numerical Procedure for Dynamic Simulation of Discrete Fractures Due to Blasting   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

M. R. Saharan  H. S. Mitri 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2008,41(5):641-670

Summary  This paper describes development of a generic nonlinear, dynamic modelling technique to simulate discrete rock fractures due to blasting using the finite element method. The element elimination technique together with a brittle, Rankine failure-type material model are used as a means to simulate the initiation and growth of fractures in the rock under the effect of blast-induced dynamic pressure pulse. Dynamic loads representing ideal and non-ideal detonations are simulated and a new method, termed as optimised pressure profile, is proposed to approximate the pressure-time profile of the blast load to model the dynamic load. Comparison of numerical model results with previously reported observations from the literature reveals the ability of the model as a predictive tool and supports the validity of the developed modelling procedure. Author’s address: Hani S. Mitri, Department of Mining, Metals and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Montreal, Canada H3A 2A7  相似文献