跨断裂水准剖面观测在地震监测中的应用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张四新  王双绪  张希  侯海涛  王琳 《地震地磁观测与研究》2005,26(4):22-28

由于活动地块的相对运动和变形，其边界带往往构造活动强烈，是反映地壳运动的敏感部位。基于上述思路，昆仑山口西8．1级大震发生后，通过大范围监测布设在青藏块体北部地区及周边主要构造带上的水准剖面，在短期内快速获取了大范围的断裂活动信息和不同断裂带对大区域构造应力场变化的响应特征。实践证明，这种监测方式灵活、作业周期短、资料处理快，能及时对震情趋势做出估计，不失为当前区域形变监测工作的一种新的探索。  相似文献   

Origin and stratigraphy of phreatomagmatic deposits at the Pleistocene Sinker Butte Volcano, Western Snake River Plain, Idaho   总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1  

Brittany D. Brand  Craig M. White   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007,160(3-4):319-339

Sinker Butte is the erosional remnant of a very large basaltic tuff cone of middle Pleistocene age located at the southern edge of the western Snake River Plain. Phreatomagmatic tephras are exposed in complete sections up to 100 m thick in the walls of the Snake River Canyon, creating an unusual opportunity to study the deposits produced by this volcano through its entire sequence of explosive eruptions. The main objectives of the study were to determine the overall evolution of the Sinker Butte volcano while focusing particularly on the tephras produced by its phreatomagmatic eruptions. Toward this end, twenty-three detailed stratigraphic sections ranging from 20 to 100 m thick were examined and measured in canyon walls exposing tephras deposited around 180° of the circumference of the volcano.Three main rock units are recognized in canyon walls at Sinker Butte: a lower sequence composed of numerous thin basaltic lava flows, an intermediate sequence of phreatomagmatic tephras, and a capping sequence of welded basaltic spatter and more lava flows. We subdivide the phreatomagmatic deposits into two main parts, a series of reworked, mostly subaqueously deposited tephras and a more voluminous sequence of overlying subaerial surge and fall deposits. Most of the reworked deposits are gray in color and exhibit features such as channel scour and fill, planar-stratification, high and low angle cross-stratification, trough cross-stratification, and Bouma-turbidite sequences consistent with their being deposited in shallow standing water or in braided streams. The overlying subaerial deposits are commonly brown or orange in color due to palagonitization. They display a wide variety of bedding types and sedimentary structures consistent with deposition by base surges, wet to dry pyroclastic fall events, and water saturated debris flows.Proximal sections through the subaerial tephras exhibit large regressive cross-strata, planar bedding, and bomb sags suggesting deposition by wet base surges and tephra fallout. Medial and distal deposits consist of a thick sequence of well-bedded tephras; however, the cross-stratified base-surge deposits are thinner and interbedded within the fallout deposits. The average wavelength and amplitude of the cross strata continue to decrease with distance from the vent. These bedded surge and fall deposits grade upward into dominantly fall deposits containing 75–95% juvenile vesiculated clasts and localized layers of welded spatter, indicating a greatly reduced water-melt ratio. Overlying these “dryer” deposits are massive tuff breccias that were probably deposited as water saturated debris flows (lahars). The first appearance of rounded river gravels in these massive tuff breccias indicates downward coring of the diatreme and entrainment of country rock from lower in the stratigraphic section. The “wetter” nature of these deposits suggests a renewed source of external water. The massive deposits grade upward into wet fallout tephras and the phreatomagmatic sequence ends with a dry scoria fall deposit overlain by welded spatter and lava flows.Field observations and two new ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar incremental heating dates suggest the succession of lavas and tephra deposits exposed in this part of the Snake River canyon may all have been erupted from a closely related complex of vents at Sinker Butte. We propose that initial eruptions of lava flows built a small shield edifice that dammed or disrupted the flow of the ancestral Snake River. The shift from effusive to explosive eruptions occurred when the surface water or rising ground water gained access to the vent. As the river cut a new channel around the lava dam, water levels dropped and the volcano returned to an effusive style of eruption.  相似文献   

Magnetic petrology of the 1991–1995 dacite lava of Unzen volcano,Japan: Degree of oxidation and implications for the growth of lava domes     

Takeshi Saito  Naoto Ishikawa  Hiroki Kamata 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007

To understand the oxidation state and process of oxidation of lava domes, we carried out magnetic petrological analyses of lava samples obtained from domes and block-and-ash-flow deposits associated with the 1991–1995 eruption of Unzen volcano, Japan. As a result, we recognize three different types of magnetic petrology, each related to deuteric high-temperature oxidation during initial cooling. Type A oxides are characterized by homogenous titanomagnetite and titanohematite, indicating a low oxidation state and high titanomagnetite concentrations. Type B oxides are weakly exsolved and contain titanohematite laths and rutile lenses, indicating a higher oxidation state. Type C oxides, which represent the highest oxidation state, are completely exsolved and composed of Ti-poor titanomagnetite, titanohematite, rutile, and pseudobrookite, indicating high hematite concentrations. Some grains in Types A and B show indications of reduction, which was related to interaction with volcanic gases subsequent to high-temperature oxidation. In terms of geological occurrence, the oxidation processes probably differed for endogenous and exogenous domes. Endogenous dome lavas are oxidized concentrically and are classified into the three types according to their location within the dome: samples from the surface are strongly oxidized and classified as Type C, while the inner part is unoxidized and classified as Type A. Exogenous dome lavas are unoxidized and assigned to Type A. Some samples show signs of reduction, which may have occurred around fumaroles. We propose that location within the dome and the process of dome growth are the factors that control oxidation.  相似文献   

用转换波检测煤层裂隙的方法探讨   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7  

勾精为  姚陈等 《中国煤田地质》2001,13(3):52-56,82

根据理论模型计算结果对比分析找出的煤层纵波场和转换波场和转换波场与煤层裂隙状态变化间的相关关系，探讨了综合使用纵波和转换波检测煤层裂隙的可行方法，对有效开展转换法地震勘探工作具有指导意义。  相似文献   

Salt-bearing fumarole deposits in the summit crater of Oldoinyo Lengai, Northern Tanzania: interactions between natrocarbonatite lava and meteoric water     

M. J. Genge  M. Balme  A. P. Jones 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2001,106(1-2)

Oldoinyo Lengai in the Northern Tanzania rift is the only active nephelinite–carbonatite stratovolcano. We report the discovery of thermonatrite, aphthitalite, halite and sylvite fumarole deposits on recent natrocarbonatite lava flows erupted in the summit crater during the wet season. These salt deposits occur as delicate, concave fringes or tubes that line the cooling cracks in the lava flows and consist of intergrowths of euhedral crystals. The presence of a dark altered zone, depleted in halides and alkalies, adjacent to cooling cracks and observations of steam fumaroles emanating from the fractures suggest that the salts are formed by sublimation from saturated vapours generated by the extrusion of lavas over meteoric water. The crystallisation sequence recorded in the salts suggests that mixing between meteoric steam and magmatic CO₂ and H₂S occurs at high temperatures resulting in the sublimation of carbonates and sulphates. At lower temperatures the vapours are dominated by meteoric steam and sublimate halides. The high solubility of the fumarole salts within meteoric water and their formation only during the wet season implies that these are ephemeral deposits that are unlikely to be preserved in the geological record.  相似文献   

In situ formation of welded tuff-like textures in the carapace of a voluminous silicic lava flow,Owyhee County,SW Idaho   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

C. R. Manley 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,57(8):672-686

 The Badlands rhyolite, on the Owyhee Plateau of southwestern Idaho, can be demonstrated to be a large lava flow on the basis of its geometry of large and small flow lobes, its well-exposed near-vent features, and its response to pre-existing topography. However, samples of the dense upper vitrophyre of the unit reveal a range of annealed fragmental textures, including material which closely resembles the compressed, welded glass shards which are characteristic of ignimbrites. Formation of these tuff-like textures involved processes probably common to emplacement of most silicic lava flow units. Decompression upon extrusion causes inflation of pumice at the surface of the lava flow; some of this pumice is subsequently comminuted, producing loose bubble-wall shards, bits of pumice, chips of dense glass, and fragments of phenocrysts. This debris sifts down around loose blocks and into open fractures deeper in the flow, where it can be reheated, compressed, and annealed to varying degrees. The end result is a dense vitrophyre layer (beneath the true upper, non-welded carapace breccia) which can be extremely texturally heterogeneous, with areas of flow-foliated lava occurring very near lava which in many aspects looks like welded ignimbrite, complete with flattened pumices. Identical textures in other silicic units have been cited by previous workers as evidence that those units erupted as pyroclastic flows which then underwent sufficient rheomorphism to create a flow-foliated rock which otherwise appears to be lava. The textures described herein indicate that lava flows can come to mimic rheomorphic ignimbrites, at least at scales ranging from thin sections to outcrops. Voluminous silicic units with scattered fragmental textures, but with otherwise lava-like features, are probably true effusive lava flows. Received: January 30, 1995 / Accepted: January 22, 1996  相似文献   

江西相山碎斑熔岩成因和钾长石亚显微结构   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘昌实  薛纪越  张根娣  沈渭洲  陈繁荣  张富生 《岩石矿物学杂志》1992,11(3):243-251

相山碎斑熔岩含铁铝榴石(1340g/T)、红柱石等岩浆结晶副矿物,具S型火山岩地球化学和Nd、Sr、O同位素组成的特征。据光学测定和X光粉晶衍射测定,斑晶钾长石主要是高正长石或低透长石,有序参数δ′=-0.32—-0.01。在透射电镜下,出溶的细钠长石页片由共格拐点分解形成,成分波长约50—100nm;出溶的宽钠长石页片由无应力离溶作用形成,页片宽50—200nm。结果表明,碎斑熔岩是在火山环境下形成,而不是在深成环境下形成。  相似文献   

西昌—滇中地区大、中型内生矿床分布规律及预测     

李立主 《四川地质学报》1992,(2)

用王亚光研究大型矿床空间分布规律理论来研究西昌—滇中地区大、中型内生矿床的分布规律及预测,用“矿结”一词来表明经纬线方向深大断裂交汇处是大矿的分布空间。1990年所预测的一些成矿区为1991年地质找矿工作所证实,如大红山式铁铜矿的新发现和会东发嵩铝锌矿的新进展。  相似文献   

Deep crustal growth of quartz, kyanite and garnet into large-aperture, fluid-filled fractures, north-eastern Connecticut, USA   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

J. J. AGUE 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1995,13(2):299-314

Abstract A petrographic and petrological analysis of exceptionally well-preserved hydrothermal veins from the Merrimack synclinorium, north-eastern Connecticut, has been carried out in order to place new field-based constraints on fracture aperture dimensions and porosity in the lower continental crust. The veins preserve substantial open space today in outcrop, and contain mineral assemblages including subhedral to euhedral crystals of quartz, kyanite and almandine-rich garnet. Textural evidence indicates unequivocally that the vein minerals grew into macroscopic (mm- to cm-scale) open space between the vein walls. The veins are interpreted to have been large-aperture fractures along which significant advective fluid infiltration and chemical reaction occurred. The porosity of the rock mass due to open space between fracture walls today is c . 0.3%, but it could have been as large as several percent when the flow system was active. Quantitative thermobarometry results from vein mineral assemblages indicate that the fractures formed at pressures and corresponding crustal depths of c. 0.8 GPa and c. 30km, and temperatures of 550–600° C. The depth of fracture formation corresponds to published estimates of the maximum burial depth of the Merrimack synclinorium during the Acadian orogeny. The formation of large-aperture fractures could increase significantly the transient permeability of the deep crust, and therefore influence metamorphic heat and mass transfer.  相似文献   

黑龙江省五大莲池火山群中老黑山熔岩磁组构特征分析     

林万智  白星碧 《物探与化探》1993,17(2):126-132

近一二十年,岩石磁学有了飞速发展,并在地质学领域内占有越来越重要的位置。国内外研究的焦点是磁组构与应变相关性以及磁组构在岩浆岩、沉积岩构造分析中的应用。本文着重研究了未变形火山熔岩的磁组构特征,为火山岩的磁组构与有限应变相关性等项研究提供基本对比参照体系,也为室内有关的模拟实验提供依据。  相似文献