Nuées ardentes of 22 November 1994 at Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia     

E. K. Abdurachman  J. -L. Bourdier  B. Voight   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2000,100(1-4)

Nuées ardentes associated with dome collapse on 22 November 1994, at Merapi volcano traveled to the south–southwest as far as 6.5 km, and collectively accumulated roughly 2.5–3 million cubic meters of deposits. The damaged area comprises 9.5 km² and is covered by two nuée ardente facies, a conventional “Merapi-type”, valley-fill block-and-ash flow facies and a pyroclastic surge facies. The proximal deposits reflect the accumulation of dozens of nuées ardentes, with many subsidiary flow units. The distal deposits are more simply organized, as only a few individual events reached to distances >3.5 km. The stratigraphic relationships north of Turgo hill indicate that the surge deposits are a facies of particularly mobile nuées ardentes that also deposited channeled block-and-ash flow facies. They further suggest that the surge facies beyond the channel margins correlate laterally with a finer-grained sublayer locally developed at the base of the block-and-ash flow facies. Eyewitness reports suggest that the emplacement of the block-and-ash flow facies in the distal part of the Boyong river may have followed, by a short time interval, the destruction and deposition of the surge facies at Turgo village. The stratigraphy is in accord with the eyewitness reports. The surge facies was emplaced by a dilute surge current, detached from the same dome-collapse nuée ardente that, as a separate flow unit, subsequently emplaced the distal block-and-ash deposit in the Boyong valley. The detachment occurred at higher elevations, likely at or above the slope break at about 2000 m elevation. This flow separation enabled the surge current to shortcut over the landscape and to emplace its deposit even as the block-and-ash flow continued its tortuous southward movement in the Boyong channel. Dome-collapse nuée ardente activity formed the bulk of the eruption, which was accompanied by virtually no significant vertical summit explosive activity.  相似文献   

贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝垂向封闭性演化特征   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

付广  王国民  王有功 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2007,37(5):913-918

通过岩心观察和成像测井资料分析,发现贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝较发育,其形成与分布受断裂控制。利用SiO₂或CaCO₃沉淀胶结所需要的镜质体反射率值,对贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝目前垂向封闭性进行了评价。凹陷大部分地区开启,仅在凹陷少部分地区封闭,封闭区在凹陷中部呈环带分布,在凹陷边部呈条带分布。贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝现今垂向封闭性差于地质历史时期垂向封闭性,油气保存条件变差,造成油气大量散失,这可能是目前贝尔凹陷能在布达特群找到一批油气藏的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

交叉裂隙渗流无网格法初探     

李晓春  陈剑平  石丙飞  范建华 《岩土力学》2007,28(Z1):371-374

作为两相介质的裂隙岩体,裂隙渗流是岩体渗流的主体。由于岩体的网状裂隙用传统的方法难以模拟复杂裂隙系统的水流特征。为此,基于岩体随机裂隙三维网络数值模拟,提取裂隙二维网络,并试用基于移动最小二乘近似的最小二乘法之无网格法来模拟岩体中交叉裂隙的渗流规律,通过自行编制的程序进行了简单示例与工程实例的试算,获得了较好的模拟结果,证实了无网格法模拟岩体裂隙流的可行性。  相似文献   

Seismic experiments on Showa-Shinzan lava dome using firework shots     

Hiroki Miyamachi  Hidefumi Watanabe  Takeo Moriya  Hiromu Okada 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1987,125(6):1025-1037

Seismic experiments were conducted on Showa-Shinzan, a parasitic lava dome of volcano Usu, Hokkaido, which was formed during 1943–1945 activity. Since we found that firework shots fired on the ground can effectively produce seismic waves, we placed many seismometers on and around the dome during the summer festivals in 1984 and 1985. The internal structure had been previously studied using a prospecting technique employing dynamite blasts in 1954. The measured interval velocity across the dome in 1984 ranges 1.8–2.2 km/s drastically low compared to the results (3.0–4.0 km/s) in 1954; in addition, the velocity is 0.3–0.5 km/s higher than that in the surrounding area. The variation of the observed first arrival amplitudes can be explained by geometrical spreading in the high velocity lava dome. These observations show a marked change in the internal physical state of the dome corresponding to a drop in the measured highest temperature at fumaroles on the dome from 800°C in 1947 to 310°C in 1986.  相似文献   

Définition de la perméabilité équivalente des massifs fracturés par des méthodes d'homogénéisationDefinition of the permeability of fractured rock masses by homogenisation methods     

Ahmad Pouya  Alexis Courtois 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2002,334(13):975-979

In the methods used for determination of the hydraulic behaviour at large scale of fractured rock masses, based on the simulation of flow in a fracture network, the mean flux and the mean pressure gradient in the network are not rigorously determined. A method is given for deriving these quantities, in a heterogeneous permeable block, from pressure and flux values on the boundary of the block. A block conductivity tensor is then defined, based on the condition of linear variation of the pressure on the boundary of the block. It is shown that this conductivity tensor is symmetric and positive-definite. An example of application to a model of fractured medium is given. To cite this article: A. Pouya, A. Courtois, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 975–979.  相似文献   

Magnetic fabric in folded sills and lava flows. A case study in the Permian basalts of the Anayet Massif (Pyrenean Axial Zone, Spain)     

A. Gil  M. Lago  C. Gal  A. Pocoví  E. Arranz 《Tectonophysics》2002,350(1)

The shallow intrusive bodies and lava flows emplaced within the Permian upper red unit in the Anayet Massif, represent a magmatic episode that occurred about 255 Ma (Saxonian) in the Pyrenean Axial Zone (northern Spain). Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements, in both igneous bodies and their host rocks, allow us to infer the existence of magnetic fabrics of tectonic origin linked to the main cleavage-related folding episode. The relationship between the susceptibility axes and the field structures is the criterion that permits to differentiate normal from inverse magnetic fabrics in the igneous samples. The structural interpretation of all AMS data taken from the igneous bodies and sedimentary host rocks, is in accordance with a folding model which include: (i) flattening associated with cleavage formation during fold amplification in incompetent layers (host pelites), responsible for a magnetic lineation at high angles with respect to the regional folding axis and (ii) buckling in competent (conglomerates and igneous bodies) levels, responsible for a magnetic lineation parallel to the regional fold axes.  相似文献   

The yield strength of subliquidus basalts — experimental results     

S. R. Hoover  K. V. Cashman  M. Manga 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2001,107(1-3)

Yield strength is an important property of particle–fluid suspensions. In basaltic lavas that crystallize during flow emplacement, the onset of yield strength may result in threshold transitions in flow behavior and flow surface morphology. However, yield strength–crystallinity relations are poorly known, particularly in geologic suspensions, where difficulties of experimental and field measurements have limited data acquisition in the subliquidus temperature range. Here we describe two complementary experimental approaches designed to examine the effect of particle shape on the low-shear yield strength of subliquidus basalts. The first involves melting cubes of holocrystalline basalt samples with different initial textures to determine the temperature (crystallinity) at which these samples lose their cubic form. These experiments provide information on the minimum crystal volume fractions (0.20<φ<0.35) required to maintain the structual integrity of the cube. The second set of experiments uses suspensions of corn syrup and neutrally buoyant particles to isolate the effect of particle shape on yield strength development. From these experiments, we conclude that the shape is important in determining the volume fraction range over which suspensions exhibit a finite yield strength. As anisotropic particles may orient during flow, the effect of particle shape will be controlled by the orientation distribution of the constituent particles. We find that the so-called ‘excluded volume’ can be used to relate results of experiments on anisotropic particles to those of suspensions of spherical particles. Recent measurements of yield strength onset in basaltic melts at crystal volume fractions near 0.25 are consistent with our observations that crystal frameworks develop at low to moderate crystal volume fractions when crystals are anisotropic (e.g. plagioclase). We further suggest that conditions leading to yield strength onset at low crystallinities include rapid cooling (increased crystal anisotropy), heterogeneous nucleation (which promotes extensive crystal clustering and large cluster anisotropy) and static conditions (random crystal orientations).  相似文献   

Scale Transitions in Fracture and Active Fault Networks     

Thomas H. Wilson 《Mathematical Geology》2001,33(5):591-613

Detailed box counting analysis was conducted of (1) fractures observed in exposures of the Devonian Shale in the central Appalachians Valley and Ridge Province of West Virginia, (2) several fracture patterns presented in the literature, and (3) active faults mapped throughout the main island (Honshu) of Japan. Box curves reveal, with few exceptions, that most naturally occurring fracture patterns are characterized by nonfractal behavior. In many cases, two linear regions separated by an abrupt transition are observed in the logN/logr box curves. The small-scale (larger r) features generally have higher fractal dimension than do the larger scale features in the pattern. Transitions from one region to another are usually abrupt. These transitions are not associated with sampling problems or other data limitations. In some cases three or more linear regions may appear. Box counting analysis of model fracture patterns indicate that transitions are related to the dominant spacing of individual sets or to the dominant fragment size in the network. This study provides detailed documentation of scale invariant features in natural fracture and active fault patterns. Although the relationship of the geometrical properties of a pattern to the location of transitions is understood in terms of the models, to understand the physical mechanisms responsible for these transitions deserves further study.  相似文献   

胶南王台变质基性熔岩：元古宙洋壳残片   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

宋明春  倪志耀  王仁民 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2001,20(2):84-87

胶南王台变质基性熔岩的地球化学特征表现为拉班玄武岩系列 ,具平坦型稀土配分模式 ,高强场相容元素含量与N MORB相近 ,εNd(t) =1.82～ 6 .35 ,△2 0 7Pb 2 0 4Pb为 - 6 .748～ - 8.0 0 0 ,形成于洋中脊环境。它的存在表明鲁东地区发育有元古宙古洋壳残片 ,华北古陆块南缘在早 中元古宙似应处于大洋环境  相似文献   

安徽岳西脉状英安质角砾熔岩的发现、特征及意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

路玉林  钱存超  周存亭 《安徽地质》1996,(4)

作者通过１：５万区调工作，于大别山腹地发现了脉状英安质角砾熔岩。通过对其岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学等的研究，认为它可与北淮阳地区毛坦厂火山岩旋回作对比，从而对认识大别造山带热隆－侵蚀史等具有重要意义。  相似文献