Statistical dynamics of internal gravity waves-turbulence     

J. S. Frederiksen  R. C. Bell 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(3-4):257-301

Abstract

Numerical simulations of internal gravity waves-turbulence are carried out for the inviscid, viscous and forced-dissipative two-dimensional primitive equations using the spectral method. Some of the results are compared with the predictions of the eddy damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) closure for internal waves of Carnevale and Frederiksen, generalized for periodic boundary conditions and possible random forcing and dissipation. The EDQNM reduces to the Boltzman equation of resonant interaction theory in the continuum space limit and as the forcing and dissipation vanish. However, the limit is singular in the sense that as well as conserving total energy, E, and total cross-correlation between the vorticity and buoyancy fields, C, an additional conservation law, viz. z-momentum, P_z , occurs in the limit. This means that the resonant interaction equilibrium (RIE) solution of the Boltzmann equation differs from the statistical mechanical equilibrium (SME) solution of the EDQNM closure.

The statistical stability of the SME and RIE spectra for the primitive equations is tested by integrating the inviscid equations using initial realizations of these spectra with random phases. It is found that E and C are accurately conserved while P_z undergoes large amplitude variations. The approach to equilibrium of initial disequilibrium spectra is monitored by examining the evolution of the entropy. The increase and asymptotic approach to a constant value corresponding to complete chaos is consistent with the behaviour predicted by the EDQNM closure.

For the viscous decay and forced-dissipative experiments, the behaviour of the entropy is also consistent with that predicted by the EDQNM closure. There is approximate equipartition of potential and total kinetic energies throughout the integrations from initial conditions having equal potential and total kinetic energies and as well equal vertical and horizontal energies, but as expected, the ratio of horizontal to vertical kinetic energy increases with time to a value greater than unity.

With Laplacian viscous dissipation and thermal diffusivity, the statistical steady states produced in the forced-dissipative experiments have k^?3 power laws for k≧7. A comparison with the power laws for kinetic energy and passive scalar variance produced in a numerical simulation of the two-dimensional passive scalar problem is also presented.  相似文献   

COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS     

《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):488-489

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.  相似文献   

漳州地热田基岩裂隙水系统温度分布特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

曾玉超  苏正  吴能友  王晓星  胡剑 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2012,42(3):814-820,831

为研究漳州地热田基岩裂隙水系统温度分布特征,建立了新的三维基岩裂隙水系统概念模型,并利用Fluent软件求解模型。结果表明:基岩裂隙热水温度场受到断裂区的强烈控制,在北东—南西向断裂中,强烈对流形成的高温热柱刺穿了基岩顶部形成热田高温中心;基岩热流在断裂区中部高温区达到最大,在北东—南西方向上最大值为343.02mW/m2,在北西—南东方向最大值为368.72mW/m2,并向边缘逐渐降低;第四系孔隙水的存在和运动使得地表热流的最大值和局部值降低。未来漳州热田应加强深部温度的测量研究。  相似文献   

东濮凹陷三叠系砂岩油藏裂缝特征及主控因素     

王瑞飞  吕新华  国殿斌  苏惠  黄新文 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2012,(4):1003-1010

为探讨东濮凹陷三叠系砂岩油藏储层裂缝发育特征、裂缝成因机制及控制因素,采用野外露头剖面观测、岩心观察、样品分析测试、常规测井、成像测井、核磁测井、岩石力学实验等技术方法对文明寨地区三叠系砂岩储层裂缝进行了研究。结果表明:东濮凹陷三叠系砂岩储层主要发育NNE向、NE向和近EW向3组构造裂缝,裂缝走向近于平行或垂直主断层方向,裂缝沿构造高部位呈带状分布。裂缝以高角度-近直立(60°～90°)缝为主,低角度(30°～50°)缝次之,高、低角度裂缝相互交错构成裂缝网络系统。岩心分析及孔隙度测井计算结果表明,裂缝孔隙度为2.60%～3.20%。构造应力场是控制砂岩储层裂缝发育的外部因素;储层岩性、砂岩厚度、岩石力学性质等是控制砂岩储层裂缝发育的内在因素。  相似文献   

基于各向异性AVO的裂缝弹性参数叠前反演方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张广智  陈怀震  印兴耀  李宁  杨葆军 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2012,42(3):845-851,871

基于各向异性理论,将具有水平对称轴的高角度裂缝介质等效为HTI介质。首先,通过分析HTI介质反射界面的纵波反射系数公式,研究裂缝介质振幅随偏移距和方位角的变化特征,探索了方位各向异性介质弹性参数和各向异性参数的叠前反演方法。其次,为更好地估测介质的弹性参数:纵波阻抗IP、横波阻抗IS以及各向异性梯度Γ,对反射系数近似式进行了简化,同时对简化公式的精度进行了对比分析。最后,选取2D逆掩断层模型,利用褶积公式制作不同方位的合成地震道集,并对合成地震道集添加随机噪声(信噪比为2∶1),将其应用于方位AVO叠前反演算法试算中。结果表明,当信噪比为2时,方位AVO叠前反演所得纵波阻抗、横波阻抗及各向异性梯度的估测值与模型真实值基本吻合,而且估测值能够较准确地反映原始模型的地层特征,验证了方位AVO叠前反演算法的准确适用性。  相似文献   

香格里拉小中甸冈达概组下段岩石化学特征及构造背景分析     

吕劲松  肖渊甫  邓江红  王涛  程超杰  龚婷婷  于海军  邓元兵 《地质与勘探》2012,48(6):1214-1220

香格里拉小中甸冈达概组下段(Pg1)分布于金沙江构造带与义敦岛弧之间的中咱微陆块,属中甸基性火山岩带。本文研究中咱微陆块南部冈达概组下段,该地层主要由玄武质角砾凝灰熔岩、微晶玄武岩和玄武质角砾凝灰岩混层组成,具有富碱、高钛、轻稀土强烈富集的特征,是地幔低度熔融的产物,属大陆板内张裂型火山岩,与东邻区的峨眉山玄武岩(Pe)有相似的地球化学特征,反映两者的地幔源区具有亲缘关系,与地幔柱活动有关。  相似文献   

构造裂缝发育型砂岩储层定量评价方法及应用——以库车前陆盆地白垩系为例   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

张惠良  张荣虎  杨海军  姚根顺  马玉杰 《岩石学报》2012,28(3):827-835

针对构造裂缝发育型、深埋致密砂岩储层,依据露头、岩心、薄片、物性、古应力、测井、测试等资料,基于构造地质学、储层动力成岩地质学、测井学、分形学、数理统计学等多学科交叉,提出了露头构造裂缝建模、钻井构造裂缝刻画、测井构造裂缝分形分析、古挤压应力场恢复、储层埋深底限预测5种方法相融合、5个步骤相支撑的技术思路。以塔里木盆地库车坳陷大北1气田白垩系巴什基奇克组为例,半定量-定量刻画了构造裂缝发育型砂岩储层的裂缝发育规模、有效性和空间展布,为大北1气田的滚动勘探和整体评价提供了相对可靠的技术方法体系,同时为前陆盆地深埋致密裂缝发育型储层的研究和勘探提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

柴达木盆地西部古近系储层裂缝有效性的影响因素   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

曾联波  巩磊  祖克威  唐小梅  王铁成  王成刚  许文国 《地质学报》2012,86(11):1809-1814

古近系盐湖相裂缝性泥灰岩储层是柴达木盆地西部地区的重要储层类型,储层中发育剪切裂缝、纵张裂缝、顺层滑动裂缝和成岩裂缝4种类型。裂缝普遍被方解石、石膏或钙芒硝等充填,裂缝的有效性对储层评价十分重要。有效裂缝不仅提供了储层的重要储集空间和主要渗流通道,还决定了油气的富集规律和储层的潜在生产能力。裂缝的有效性主要受裂缝形成时间、溶蚀作用、第四纪以来的构造抬升剥蚀作用、异常流体高压作用、膏盐层分布和断层的活动性等因素控制。晚期形成的裂缝有效性更好;溶蚀作用可明显地增加裂缝的有效性;第四纪以来的构造抬升剥蚀作用和异常流体高压作用可使裂缝重新裂开,使裂缝的有效性变好;离膏盐层越远,裂缝的有效性越好。裂缝的有效性与现今地应力方向关系不密切,主要受断层活动的影响,与主断层平行的裂缝有效性最好。  相似文献   

含多裂纹沥青路面开裂机制及扩展分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

苗雨  吕加贺  张青军  金祥月  罗辉 《岩土力学》2012,33(5):1513-1518

基于断裂力学基本理论,通过有限元数值模拟方法,研究了同时存在表面裂纹和反射裂纹的沥青路面在交通荷载作用下表面裂纹和反射裂纹开裂机制及扩展路径,深入讨论了路面材料和结构对裂纹扩展路径的影响,分析了表面裂纹的位置对反射裂纹扩展路径的影响,采用多裂纹小梁弯曲试验验证了多裂纹的扩展行为。结果表明：在交通荷载作用下,表面裂纹向着偏离载荷的方向扩展,且扩展路径几乎为直线,反射裂纹则沿着“Z”字形向上扩展;路面结构层模量和厚度的改变能够影响裂纹的扩展路径;反射裂纹总是向着存在表面裂纹的一侧扩展;小梁弯曲试验得到裂纹扩展行为与数值模拟结果一致。  相似文献   

Genetic Mechanism of Dolomitization in Fengcheng Formation in the Wu‐Xia area of Junggar Basin,China     

ZHU Shif  ZHU Xiaomin  NIU Huapeng  HAN Xuefang  ZHANG Yueqian  YOU Xincai 《《地质学报》英文版》2012,86(2):449-461

The dolomitic rocks of the Fengcheng Formation are considered to be formed under special geologic conditions, and are significant hydrocarbon reservoir rocks in the Wu-Xia area in the Junggar Basin. Analyses of petrologic characteristics and stable isotope composition indicate that the dolomitizing host rock is volcanic and the dolomitizing fluids probably consists of brine from shore-shallow lakes with great evaporation and salinity in the Fengcheng Formation, which have formed under arid climatic conditions, as well as residual Mg-rich seawater from the underlying Jiamuhe Formation and Carboniferous. Dust tuff in the area has significant plagioclase content. Anorthite and labradorite hydrolysis by CO2 can be coupled with calcite precipitation. Late Mg-rich brine percolated and replaced calcite formed in the early time, which lead to precipitate dolostones with different occurrences, such as graniphyric, random bedded or lumpy. The diagenetic dolostones with different occurrences resulting from particular formation conditions occurred in different tectonic settings. The dolomitizing fluid has been driven by the thermal convection flow generated by volcanic eruptions. At the same time, the overthrusts of the Wu-Xia growth fault?have speeded up the flow of deep Mg-rich water upwards, and induced the water to quickly?penetrate and horizontally migrate in the strata. Fracture is the major and the most important reservoir space in dolomitic reservoir of the Fengcheng Formation. Fracture and fault plays a decisive role in controlling the formation of dolostone and the distribution of favorable reservoirs. The deliverability of oil and gas is determined by the development and match relations of dissolved pores and fractures to a certain degree.  相似文献