EXPORTS OF ORGANIC CARBON IN BRITISH RIVERS     

DIANE HOPE  MICHAEL F. BILLETT  RONNIE MILNE  THOMAS A. W. BROWN 《水文研究》1997,11(3):325-344

This study provides the first detailed estimate of riverine organic carbon fluxes in British rivers, as well as highlighting major gaps in organic carbon data in national archives. Existing data on organic carbon and suspended solids concentrations collected between 1989 and 1993, during routine monitoring by the River Purification Boards (RPBs) in Scotland and the National River Authorities (NRAs) in England and Wales, were used with annual mean flows to estimate fluxes of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) in British rivers. Riverine DOC exports during 1993 varied from 7·7–103·5 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, with a median flux of 31·9 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the 85 rivers for which data were available. There was a trend for DOC fluxes to increase from the south and east to the north and west. A predictive model based on mean soil carbon storage in 17 catchments, together with regional precipitation totals, explained 94% of the variation in the riverine DOC exports in 1993. This model was used to predict riverine DOC fluxes in regions where no organic carbon data were available. Calculated and predicted fluxes were combined to produce an estimate for exports of DOC to tidal waters in British rivers during 1993 of 0·68±0·07 Mt. Of this total, rivers in Scotland accounted for 53%, England 38% and Wales 9%. Scottish blanket peats would appear to be the largest single source of DOC exports in British rivers. An additional 0·20 Mt of organic carbon were estimated to have been exported in particulate form in 1993, approximately two–thirds of which was contributed by English rivers. It is suggested that riverine losses of organic carbon have the potential to affect the long-term dynamics of terrestrial organic carbon pools in Britain and that rivers may regulate increases in soil carbon pools brought about by climate change. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Near-bed mass flux profiles in aeolian sand transport: high-resolution measurements in a wind tunnel     

Graeme R. Butterfield 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1999,24(5):393-412

Vertical profiles of the streamwise mass flux of blown sand in the near-bed (< 17 mm) region are analysed from high-resolution measurements made using an optical sensor in a wind tunnel. This analysis is complemented by detailed measurements of mass flux and mean velocity profiles throughout the boundary layer depth (0·17 m) using passive, chambered sand traps of small dimensions and armoured thermal anemometers, respectively. The data permit a preliminary analysis of the relations between the observed forms of the profiles of near-bed fluid stress and horizontal mass flux within a carefully conditioned boundary layer. Profiles of mass flux density are found to be characterized by three regions of differing gradient with transitions at about 2 mm and 19 mm above the bed. The exponential decay of mass flux with height is confirmed for elevations above 19 mm, and when plotted as a function of u_*²/g (a parameter of mean vertical trajectory height in saltation), the gradient of mass flux in this region scales with the wake-corrected friction velocity (u), where u > 0·30 m s⁻¹. A separate near-bed region of more intense transport below 19 mm is identified which carries 80 per cent of the total mass flux. This region is evident in some previous field and wind tunnel data but not in profiles simulated by numerical models. Ventilated passive sand traps underestimate mass flux in this region by 37 per cent. At slow or moderate wind speeds a third significant region below 2 mm is observed. These regions are likely to be related to grain populations in successive saltation, low-energy ejections and intermittent bed contact, respectively. Optical measurements reveal locally high grain concentrations at some elevations below 5 mm; these heights scale with transport rate, mass flux gradient and wind speed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Energy balance above a boreal coniferous forest: a difference in turbulent fluxes between snow‐covered and snow‐free canopies     

Yuichiro Nakai  Tomoki Sakamoto  Tomomi Terajima  Kenzo Kitamura  Tomoki Shirai 《水文研究》1999,13(4):515-529

To evaluate the interactive effects of snow and forest on turbulent fluxes between the forest surface and the atmosphere, the surface energy balance above a forest was measured by the eddy correlation method during the winter of 1995–1996. The forest was a young coniferous plantation comprised of spruce and fir. The study site, in Sapporo, northern Japan, had heavy and frequent snowfalls and the canopy was frequently covered with snow during the study period. A comparison of the observed energy balance above the forest for periods with and without a snow‐covered canopy and an analysis using a single‐source model gave the following results: during daytime when the canopy was covered with snow, the upward latent heat flux was large, about 80% of the net radiation, and the sensible heat flux was positive but small. On the other hand, during daytime when the canopy was dry and free from snow, the sensible heat flux was dominant and the latent heat flux was minor, about 10% of the net radiation. To explain this difference of energy partition between snow‐covered and snow‐free conditions, not only differences in temperature but also differences in the bulk transfer coefficients for latent heat flux were necessary in the model. Therefore, the high evaporation rate from the snow‐covered canopy can be attributed largely to the high moisture availability of the canopy surface. Evaporation from the forest during a 60‐day period in midwinter was estimated on a daily basis as net radiation minus sensible heat flux. The overall average evaporation during the 60‐day period was 0·6 mm day⁻¹, which is larger than that from open snow fields. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

非常规油气地质调查工程进展与主要成果     

张家强  毕彩芹  徐银波  仝立华  唐跃  袁远  庞守吉  周俊林 《中国地质调查》2023,10(1):1-19

中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心牵头组织实施的“非常规油气地质调查工程”,开展了黑龙江省鸡西地区煤系气地质调查、松辽盆地及外围油页岩地质调查、松辽盆地西斜坡油砂原位试采工程、陆域天然气水合物地质调查与祁连山木里天然气水合物野外长期观测站建设、陕西关中地区氦气地质调查和非常规油气资源国情调研等工作,获取了大量基础数据,取得了黑鸡地1井、黑鸡地3井、黑鸡地4井等一系列突破性成果和重要进展,初步掌握了我国油页岩、油砂、陆域天然气水合物、氦气以及鸡西盆地煤系气等非常规油气资源潜力。该工程在煤系气、油页岩、氦气等领域产生重要影响,提振了非常规油气勘探开发信心,推动了科技创新与地质调查深度融合,促进了非常规油气学科发展。  相似文献   

不同营养盐水体甲烷产生机制与潜力对比          下载免费PDF全文

温健文  刘建  张介霞  李玉红  陈维聪  詹力扬  吴曼  叶旺旺 《应用海洋学学报》2023,42(3):488-494

甲烷是重要的温室气体,近海河口海域是甲烷产生和释放的活跃区域。于2021年对富营养化的九龙江河口(6月)和贫营养化的陆丰近海(8月)表层水进行了受控培养实验。结果显示,在添加碳氮以及甲基膦酸的陆丰近海海水样品中,观测到甲烷浓度增加了两个数量级,说明陆丰近海可能存在依赖甲基膦酸路径的甲烷生产。九龙江河口水体也存在基于甲基膦酸、二甲基巯基丙酸内盐和三甲胺路径生产甲烷的过程,其中以甲基膦酸路径产生的甲烷最多(增长率211.0%)。对比同样条件下的甲基膦酸-甲烷产生实验,陆丰近海水体产生的甲烷约是九龙江河口的22倍,表明贫营养化水体更加有利于基于甲基膦酸路径的甲烷产生。  相似文献   

气袋和注射器保存不同浓度甲烷气体的时效分析     

刘花  张金凤 《亚热带资源与环境学报》2021,16(1):35-40

气体样品的甲烷(CH4)浓度在取样后往往不能立即测定,需用密封性容器进行保存.本研究调查了保存时间(0、12、24、48、360、720 h)和容器类型(铝箔气袋和注射器)对不同浓度(高:101.9μmol?mol-1、中:8.34μmol?mol-1、低:1.13μmol?mol-1和大气:2.12μmol?mol-...  相似文献   

煤层气储层可改造性评价——以郑庄区块为例     

姚艳斌  王辉  杨延辉  刘大锰  鲁秀芹  曹路通 《煤田地质与勘探》2021,49(1):119-129

我国煤层气资源探明率与动用率“双低”,导致煤层气增产显著放缓,已经成为制约我国煤层气产业发展的瓶颈问题。常规煤储层评价较少考虑煤储层的可改造性潜力,导致发现的优质储量偏少,已发现的储量动用率偏低,因此,迫切需要开展煤储层可改造性评价研究。以沁水盆地南部郑庄区块为例,系统开展了岩心与大样物理模拟实验、测井与地震反演分析等;通过对比分析典型井储层地质特征与微地震水力压裂裂缝监测结果,指出影响煤储层可改造性的关键地质因素为煤体结构、宏观煤岩类型、煤层构造变形、煤层地应力、煤层与顶底板的抗拉强度之差,建立了煤储层可改造性综合定量评价模型;并对郑庄区块煤储层可改造性进行了评价分区,其结果得到了区内千余口产气井的验证。研究成果可用于指导尚未动用储量区的煤层气建产和已动用储量区的开发方案优化调整,根据不同区块储层地质特点选择适应性的工程技术与改造方案,以实现地质工程一体化,是我国煤层气“增储上产”的关键。   相似文献   

基于LAS观测的城镇感热通量时空特征及影响因素          下载免费PDF全文

刘寿东  王璐瑶  胡凝  王咏薇  王亮  赵翔 《大气科学学报》2023,46(4):630-640

利用2018年4月—2019年4月南京盘城大孔径闪烁仪(Large Aperture Scintillometer,LAS)观测数据,分析了城镇感热通量的时空变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:1)南京城镇感热通量呈单峰型日变化特征,白天明显大于夜间,且白天晴天明显大于阴天,夜间晴天略小于阴天,晴、阴天小时感热通量年平均分别在2.25～200.53 W·m^-2、13.10～132.52 W·m^-2波动。2)城镇感热通量夏季明显大于冬季,8月昼、夜分别为112.19、23.54 W·m^-2,2月昼、夜分别为35.57、11.57 W·m^-2。3)晴天白天条件下,不同风向(通量贡献源区)城镇感热通量存在显著差异,即随着不透水层占比的增加,净辐射分配到感热通量的比例明显提高,当占比大于60％时提高趋势不明显。4)以莫宁-奥布霍夫长度判断大气稳定度为标准,C²_n法在计算感热通量的5种大气稳定度判断方法中的误判率较低且数据源于LAS,是比较适宜城镇夜间大气稳定度的判断方法。5)在影响城镇感热通量的地表参数中,有效高度变化的影响最大,风速变化的影响较大特别在秋冬季节更为明显,波文比变化对城镇感热通量的影响较小,温度、地表粗糙度和零平面位移变化的影响可忽略不计。  相似文献   

Rossby波和热带对流活动对2010年6月梅雨发生前后我国东部两次强降水过程的影响          下载免费PDF全文

李慧  陆尔  翟盘茂  李肇新  陈阳  甘如玉 《大气科学学报》2019,42(6):824-834

基于574台站的逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,在比较2010年梅雨期前后(6月7—11日和18—22日)我国东部两次强降水过程的大尺度环流型差异的基础上,从Rossby波活动通量及热带对流活动探讨了这两次强降水过程的异同。结果表明,相同之处在于:两次强降水过程期间中高纬度地区都存在Rossby波向下游传播,中纬度地区呈现双阻型式,低纬度地区西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称西太副高)强度偏强、西伸脊点位置偏西。不同之处在于:1)第一次降水过程中Rossby波的波源位于北欧地区附近,贝加尔湖地区为低槽,使得冷空气南下到36°N左右;同时孟加拉湾活跃的对流系统使西太副高加强西伸到95°E左右,冷暖空气交汇,导致强降水发生;2)第二次降水过程中Rossby波的波源位于北欧地区和中西伯利亚地区附近,东亚地区的低槽较第一次过程明显加深,有利于冷空气到达长江中下游地区(30°N左右),西太平洋暖池地区活跃的对流系统使得西太副高加强西伸到90°E左右,冷暖空气在长江中下游及其以南地区交汇,导致强降水发生。  相似文献   

一个诊断极区平流层温度变化的近似方程的检验及应用          下载免费PDF全文

刘仁强  付焱焱  吴国华  王咏青  Wright J S 《大气科学学报》2019,42(6):874-879

根据一个诊断极区平流层温度变化的近似方程及其滑动累加计算方案,采用1980—2000年的MERRA-2再分析日资料计算了北半球极区低平流层100 hPa逐月的温度增量项、动力加热项和非绝热加热项,以及各项的线性趋势。结果表明,各月温度增量项与累积的动力和非绝热加热之和在气候平均的年循环意义上接近平衡,而且它们的趋势也近似平衡。进一步通过多元回归,得到了动力和非绝热加热作用对当前月温度趋势的分别贡献,动力作用是北极低平流层冬季温度趋势的主导因素并且在冬季内不一致,而非绝热作用在其他季节是主导因素。  相似文献