On the robustness of the ammonia thermometer     

S. Maret  A. Faure  E. Scifoni  L. Wiesenfeld 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,399(1):425-431

Ammonia inversion lines are often used as probes of the physical conditions in the dense interstellar medium. The excitation temperature between the first two para-metastable (rotational) levels is an excellent probe of the gas kinetic temperature. However, the calibration of this ammonia thermometer depends on the accuracy of the collisional rates with H₂. Here, we present new collisional rates for ortho- and para-NH₃ colliding with  para-H₂( J = 0)  , and investigate the effects of these new rates on the excitation of ammonia. Scattering calculations employ a new, high-accuracy, potential energy surface computed at the coupled-cluster CCSD(T) level with a basis set extrapolation procedure. Rates are obtained for all transitions involving ammonia levels with   J ≤ 3  and for kinetic temperatures in the range 5–100 K. We find that the calibration curve of the ammonia thermometer – which relates the observed excitation temperature between the first two para-metastable levels to the gas kinetic temperature – does not change significantly when these new rates are used. Thus, the calibration of ammonia thermometer appears to be robust. Effects of the new rates on the excitation temperature of inversion and rotation–inversion transitions are also found to be small.  相似文献   

Star formation and molecular clouds     

A. L. Gyulbudaghian 《Astrophysics》2009,52(2):168-183

The hypothesis advanced by V. A. Ambartsumyan according to which stars are formed from prestellar superdense objects-- protostars-- was an alternative to the hypothesis of the 1950's (and even now, not much changed) according to which stars are formed by accretion with subsequent collapse (in various modifications). Ambartsumyan's basic inferences were based on an analysis of the observational data available at that time. This paper presents both Ambartsumyan's pioneering ideas and some modern hypotheses of star formation. Some results from studies of molecular clouds and star formation regions are also discussed. One of the distinctive features of young stellar objects (YSO) is the outflow of matter from these objects (molecular, in the form of jets, etc.), a phenomenon whose importance for the evolution of stars was noted by Ambartsumyan as long ago as 1937. Radial systems of dark globules are examined, as well as H-H objects associated with star formation regions, cometary nebulae, and close Trapeziumtype systems (consisting of YSO). Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 185–202 (May 2009).  相似文献   

近红外偏振观测在恒星形成研究中的应用     

陈志维  江治波 《天文学进展》2009,27(4)

近红外偏振是研究恒星形成的有效工具.该文介绍了近红外偏振器的工作原理,然后分几个方面介绍了近红外偏振在恒星形成研究中的应用.红外反射云能很好地示踪年轻星天体及分子外流,通过分析偏振矢量的方法确定红外反射云的偏振对称中心,从而确定它的照亮源;偏振波长相关曲线包含了年轻星天体的星周物质的很多信息;年轻星的分子外流导致了红外反射云的形成,因此红外反射云的照亮源通常与年轻星天体成协,并是分子外流的驱动源;一些年轻星天体埋藏得很深,一般在近红外波段无法直接探测到,人们称之为深埋源,通过分析偏振矢量的方法可以找到深埋源;一般认为比较年轻的年轻星天体都是有尘埃盘的,尘埃盘的存在会导致它的偏振形态出现偏振盘,偏振盘町以用来研究尘埃盘;恒星形成区里成员星的偏振主要是由尘埃的二色性消光产生的,这样偏振方向会平行于致使尘埃排列的磁场的方向,从而能够揭示磁场的结构.最后进行了总结,并论述了中远红外偏振研究的优势和意义.  相似文献   

Directional radiation and photodissociation regions in molecular hydrogen clouds     

S. A. Balashev  D. A. Varshalovich  A. V. Ivanchik 《Astronomy Letters》2009,35(3):150-166

Some astrophysical observations of molecular hydrogen point to a broadening of the velocity distribution for molecules at excited rotational levels. This effect is observed in both Galactic and high-redshift clouds. Analysis of H₂, HD, and CI absorption lines has revealed the broadening effect in the absorption system of QSO 1232+082 (z _abs = 2.33771). We analyze line broadening mechanisms by considering in detail the transfer of ultraviolet radiation (in the resonance lines of the Lyman and Werner H₂ molecular bands) for various velocity distributions at excited rotational levels. The mechanism we suggest includes the saturation of the lines that populate excited rotational levels (radiative pumping) and manifests itself most clearly in the case of directional radiation in the medium. Based on the calculated structure of a molecular hydrogen cloud in rotational level populations, we have considered an additional mechanism that takes into account the presence of a photodissociation region. Note that disregarding the broadening effects we investigated can lead to a significant systematic error when the data are processed.  相似文献   

基于多维调控方案的黄河流域水资源可承载程度评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

邢端生  吴泽宁  左其亭  曹茜  崔萌 《干旱区地理》2005,28(2):229-233

在黄河流域多维临界调控模型得到的水资源配置结果的研究基础上,从调控方案所实现的经济效果、社会效果和生态环境效果三个层次建立了评价黄河水资源可承载程度的指标体系,并构造了水资源可承载程度的模糊综合评价模型;最后应用该评价模型对黄河流域2010和2020水平年共27个调控方案进行了水资源可承载程度分析评价,可为黄河流域水资源可持续开发利用提供决策参考。  相似文献   

陕西渭北旱塬种植业结构调整的水资源问题及对策   总被引：14，自引：4，他引：10  

宋孝玉  刘贤赵  沈冰  史文娟 《干旱区地理》2004,27(2):199-201

陕西渭北旱塬地处西北内陆黄土高原腹地,是陕西省小麦主产区．也是中低产区,该区属暖温带半湿润易旱区,年降水量420mm～700mm,降水时空分布不均且变率较大,与冬小麦的需水规律不相吻合,加之田间蒸发量大,使得田间水分相对不足,限制了渭北旱塬小麦产量的进一步提高。由于果树产量高、经济效益好,自20世纪80年代中后期以来,渭北旱塬农村种植业由传统的粮食生产转为大面积的栽种果树。但由于种植业结构的调整,农田大面积改种果树,势必加重区域水资源的供需矛盾,导致水分生态的新态势。在分析渭北旱塬作物种植业结构调整引起的水资源问题基础上,指出：渭北旱塬种植业结构调整必须以水资源为约束。  相似文献   

Biodegraded Oil and Its High Molecular Weight (C_(35+)) n-alkanes in the Qianmiqiao Region in the Bohai Bay Basin, Northern China     

WANG Tieguan  ZHU Dan  LU Hong  ZHANG Zhihuan  YANG Chiyin The Key Laboratory of Petroleum Accumulation Mechanism of the Education Ministry  University of Petroleum  Beijing  Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Guangzhou  Guangdong Geological Research Institute  Dagang Oilfield 《《地质学报》英文版》2004,78(4):993-1001

With a production of 208.2 m3/d, heavy oil was produced by drill stem test (DST) from three shallow reservoirs in Sand Group Nos. Ⅰ and Ⅲ of the Neogene Guantao Formation (NgⅠ and NgⅢ) and the Eogene Dongying Formation (Ed) in an exploratory well Ban-14-1 within the Qianmiqiao region, Bohai Bay Basin, northern China. Based on the GC and GC-MS data of the NgⅠ and NgⅢ heavy oil samples, all n-alkanes and most isoprenoid hydrocarbons are lost and the GC baseline appears as an evident "hump", implying a large quantity of unresolved complex mixture (UCM), which typically revealed a result of heavy biodegradation. However, there still is a complete series of C14-C73 n-alkanes in the high-temperature gas chromatograms (HTGC) of the heavy oil, among which, the abundance of C30- n-alkanes are drastically reduced. The C35-C55 high molecular weight (HMW) n-alkanes are at high abundance and show a normal distribution pattern with major peak at C43 and an obvious odd-carbon-number predominance with CPI37-55 and  相似文献   

Primordial magnetic fields and formation of molecular hydrogen     

Shiv K. Sethi  Biman B. Nath  Kandaswamy Subramanian 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,387(4):1589-1596

We study the implications of primordial magnetic fields for the thermal and ionization history of the post-recombination era. In particular, we compute the effects of dissipation of primordial magnetic fields owing to ambipolar diffusion and decaying turbulence in the intergalactic medium (IGM) and the collapsing haloes, and compute the effects of the altered thermal and ionization history on the formation of molecular hydrogen. We show that, for magnetic field strengths in the range  2 × 10⁻¹⁰≲ B ₀≲ 2 × 10⁻⁹ G  , the molecular hydrogen fraction in IGM and collapsing halo can increase by a factor of 5 to 1000 over the case with no magnetic fields. We discuss the implication of the increased molecular hydrogen fraction on the radiative transfer of ultraviolet photons and the formation of first structures in the universe.  相似文献   

Star-forming region BBW 36 in puppis     

A. L. Gyulbudahgian  J. May 《Astrophysics》2008,51(3):394-402

Recent studies of the star formation region BBW 36 and associated molecular clouds are presented. The ¹²CO (1-0) observations, carried out with the 15-m SEST (Swedish-ESO) telescope (Cerro La Silla, Chile), revealed the existence of cloud a, connected with BBW 36 and of cloud b, having elongation in SE-NW direction. A red-shifted molecular outflow with velocity ∼+5 km/s (with respect to cloud a), having a direction parallel to the line of sight, was also observed. VLA observations showed the presence of a source VLA 2 at 3.6 cm with an elongation in the N-S direction. It is suggested that the VLA 2 source coincides with a dust disc (surrounding the object BBW 36). The star 3, which is one of the YSOs in the star-forming region BBW 36 and is connected with a bright comma-like nebula, can be the source of the molecular outflow. The star 3 has very high IR colors and is associated with an IRAS point source IRAS 07280-1829, which has IR colors, typical for an IRAS point source, connected with a water maser. On the 2MASS K image of BBW 36 we can see the existence of a bright nebula; a group of stars is embedded in that nebula, and among these stars there are stars with dust discs (or envelopes). On the 2MASS K image several spiral jets are also present, some of them with a condensation at the end. Published in Astrofizika, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 469–477 (August 2008).  相似文献   

非水溶性钾矿制取碳酸钾研究:副产13X型分子筛   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

马鸿文  白志民  杨静  王英滨  戚洪彬  白峰  章西焕 《地学前缘》2005,12(1):137-155

非水溶性钾矿通常以钾长石为主要矿物相。对其进行粉碎、摇床重选、湿法磁选和化学酸浸除铁等预处理,可制得纯度达75%~95%的钾长石粉体。以碳酸钠为助剂,在760~860 ℃的中温下钾长石发生固相分解反应,生成偏硅酸钠、偏铝酸钾(钠)前体化合物,用于水热合成13X 沸石分子筛。滤液为富含[SiO2(OH)2]2-、Na+、K+的碱性溶液,通入CO2 进行酸化反应,生成SiO3·nH2O胶体沉淀,经250 ℃下煅烧即制成白炭黑。剩余滤液为NaHCO3 KHCO3 H2O三元水盐体系,再经浓缩、分离、纯化、结晶,制取碳酸钠和碳酸钾。由此,原矿中SiO2、Al2O3、K2O 3 种主要组分均可制成高值产品,可达到钾长石资源利用率接近100%、“三废”近于零排放的高效节能、清洁生产的“绿色过程”要求。本项技术实现规模化工业生产,将有利于缓解我国水溶性钾盐资源极缺的矛盾,平衡钾盐市场,提高国民经济可持续发展中钾盐资源的保证程度。  相似文献