吐哈盆地WM油田辫状河三角洲前缘砂体分析   总被引：22，自引：2，他引：20  

周丽清  吴胜和  熊琦华  马晓芬  郭燕华  林双运 《沉积学报》2000,18(2):248-252

湖盆可容空间较小时,辫状河三角洲相对发育,水下分支河道横向迁移频繁,易形成席状分布的砂体 (水下分支河道复合体 )。可容空间增大时,辫状河三角洲相对不发育,水下分支河道延伸不远,河道砂体较孤立,河口坝相对比较发育。文中根据水流和波浪强弱提出九种水下分支河道与河口坝的关系图,基本上总结了吐哈盆地WM油田三间房组河口坝的形态;并对水下分支河道复合体的形成机制提出了独特的推理。  相似文献   

Depletion of a brine layer at the base of ridge-crest hydrothermal systems     

Stan Schoofs  Ulrich Hansen 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2000,180(3-4):341-353

The variable salinity of fluid venting from mid-ocean ridges is indicative of mixing between hydrothermal seawater and fluids that have undergone supercritical phase separation. In order to study the stability of a brine-saturated layer that may form in the lowermost part of the hydrothermal system, we have performed numerical simulations of a system that has returned into the subcritical regime. For typical geological parameters, it is shown that the interface between the brine layer and the overlying fluids is not very stable, but vanishes by one of two dynamical mechanisms: convective breakdown or vertical migration. This contradicts the conventional picture of a steady, layered convective system in which the brine is depleted only by dispersion and diffusion across the interface. The depletion mechanism depends on the fluid-dynamical stability of the brine layer. Convection within the brine layer results either in the convective breakdown (for low excess salinity of the brine, as compared to seawater) or the upward migration of the interface (for higher excess salinities). Consequently, the depletion times are much shorter than for models with pure dispersion/diffusion across the interface. If the brine layer is static, high-chlorinity liquid is entrained slowly by the convecting overlying fluids, leading to downward migration of the interface. This gradual depletion of the brine layer results in almost constant vent salinities, in agreement with measured salinities of chronic high-chlorinity vents.  相似文献   

铅同位素动力学模型及其在示踪花岗岩成因中的应用   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

李龙 《地学前缘》2000,7(2):413-429

介绍了壳幔铅混合模式和铅连续生长模式 ,并首次将这两个模式推广到花岗岩成因研究中。通过对世界上一些花岗岩体中长石铅同位素数据的壳幔混合模式计算 ,发现在约 3 1Ga时曾发生过一次全球性的大规模U ,Pb分异事件。将铅连续生长模式计算结果与其它一些一致性信息对比发现 ,该模式对示踪花岗岩的源区时代非常敏感。对以地壳铅为主的花岗岩 ,其铅连续生长模式年龄与其成岩年龄相当 ;而对造山带花岗岩 ,两者之间的关系具有不确定性。对中国南、北秦岭和大别—苏鲁造山带花岗岩中长石铅同位素数据的计算结果对比表明 ,即使属于同一个造山带的岩体 ,其铅的来源和演化历史也存在较大的差别。此外 ,青岛崂山碱性花岗岩的各种铅同位素性质与中国东部其它碱性花岗岩体存在差别 ,但与苏鲁地体花岗岩表现的铅同位素行为一致 ,表明崂山碱性花岗岩的成因与苏鲁花岗岩体的成因具有更强的相关性。  相似文献   

The effects of Holocene barrier-island evolution on water-table elevations, Hatteras Island, North Carolina, USA     

William P. Anderson Jr.  David G. Evans  Stephen W. Snyder 《Hydrogeology Journal》2000,8(4):390-404

 On Hatteras Island, North Carolina, USA, complex stratigraphy results from surficial sediments being superimposed on an inherited Pleistocene platform. Numerical simulations used to simulate water-table profiles on the island illustrate the influence that the complex stratigraphy has on water-table elevations. Field data consist of water-table profiles collected from a cross-island transect of wells. These profiles show unusually high water-table elevations in the south-central portion of Hatteras Island. Geophysical data are used to constrain the subsurface stratigraphy. Simple analytical solutions to the groundwater flow equation using laterally varying recharge rates cannot match mean water-table profiles. More complex numerical simulations, which do match the profiles, indicate that the elevated water levels result from a low-permeability unit that extends several kilometers along the longitudinal axis of the island. Island geomorphology and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data suggest that this unit is a former interdunal wetland that has been buried by a series of parabolic dunes. Received, September 1999 / Revised, March 2000 / Accepted, March 2000  相似文献   

Origins and development of Holocene coral reefs: a revisited model based on reef boreholes in the Seychelles, Indian Ocean     

C. J. R. Braithwaite  L. F. Montaggioni  G. F. Camoin  H. Dalmasso  W. C. Dullo  A. Mangini 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2000,89(2):431-445

 Until recently, concepts of coral reef growth and accumulation have been predominantly based on a Darwinian model. In this, the upwards and outwards growth of a reef core (a coral framework) takes place over a foreslope consisting of reef talus, with the simultaneous filling of the back-reef lagoon by reef-derived debris. The principal adaptations of this pattern relate to the influence of relative changes in sea level and commonly ignore oceanographic factors such as storm frequency and severity. Boreholes through the outer edge of a fringing reef in the Seychelles, western Indian Ocean, reveal a record of Holocene sediment accumulation first established approximately 8 ka ago. Faunal and floral associations show that growth of this body began in relatively deep water but that this shallowed to <5 m within 1 ka. Subsequent accumulation was of “keep-up” style but, as the rate of sea-level rise slowed, shoaling became more frequent and aggradation was limited by reducing accommodation space. Constructional facies are characterised either by massive corals, including Leptastrea, Porites and faviids, or by branching corals, typically Acropora of the danai-robusta group. Coral surfaces may be encrusted by red algae, foraminifera and vermetids, and are commonly bored by filamentous algae, clionids and molluscs. However, detrital facies are volumetrically dominant, and the paucity of a constructional framework requires a re-evaluation of models of reef accretion. New models relate the geometry of accretion to the interplay between extreme storm events and fairweather hydrodynamic conditions. These suggest that a contiguous framework forms in areas of moderate fairweather energy without extreme storm events. Severe storms destroy the continuity of reef structures and generate increasing volumes of coarse detritus. Low storm severity, coupled with low fairweather hydrodynamic energy, may promote the accumulation of fine-grained reef-derived sediments that inhibit framework growth. While ecology reflects year-by-year sea conditions, lithology and structure are controlled by exceptional storms, with the effects of changing sea level superimposed. Received: 30 November 1998 / Accepted: 4 November 1999  相似文献   

Hydrogeological framework of the Deccan basalt groundwater systems, west-central India     

H. Kulkarni  S. B. Deolankar  A. Lalwani  B. Joseph  S. Pawar 《Hydrogeology Journal》2000,8(4):368-378

Deccan basalts of west-central India are hydrogeologically inhomogeneous rocks. A proper understanding of the physical framework of the basalts within which groundwater resides and moves is a key to the hydrogeology of these rocks. Two types of basalt, the vesicular amygdaloidal basalt and the compact basalt, occur as alternate layers in the volcanic pile. Although the rocks are generally inhomogeneous, structures in the basalt, such as sheet joints and vertical joints, serve as zones of groundwater flow. In the shallow subsurface, two groundwater systems are operative. Groundwater system A consists of a vesicular amygdaloidal basalt underlain by a compact basalt, whereas groundwater system B consists of a vesicular amygdaloidal basalt overlain by a compact basalt. Groundwater system A has a better developed network of openings and, as a consequence, this system has a higher transmissivity and storage coefficient than groundwater system B. Wells tapping groundwater system A have higher yields on average and irrigate more hectares of cropland than do wells tapping groundwater system B. This simple systems concept offers a practical methodology for understanding the geometry of the physical framework that contains groundwater in the Deccan basalts. The efficacy of the concept is in its widespread utility for the region. The concept may also be extrapolated to help understand the hydrogeology of deeper Deccan basalt groundwater systems.  相似文献   

Fracture flow and groundwater compartmentalization in the Rollins Sandstone, Lower Mesaverde Group, Colorado, USA     

Alan L. Mayo  Wendell Koontz 《Hydrogeology Journal》2000,8(4):430-446

 This paper presents a site-specific conceptual model of groundwater flow in fractured damage zones associated with faulting in a package of sedimentary rocks. The model is based on the results of field and laboratory investigations. Groundwater and methane gas inflows from fault-fracture systems in the West Elk coal mine, Colorado, USA, have occurred with increasing severity. Inflows of 6, 160 and 500 L s⁻¹ discharged almost instantaneously from three separate faults encountered in mine workings about 460 m below ground level. The faults are about 600 m apart. The δ ²H and δ ¹⁸O compositions of the fault-related inflow waters and the hydrodynamic responses of each fault inflow indicate that the groundwaters discharge from hydraulically isolated systems. ¹⁴C data indicate that the groundwaters are as much as 10,500 years old. Discharge temperatures are geothermal (≈30°C), which could indicate upwelling from depth. However, calculations of geothermal gradients, analysis of solute compositions of groundwater in potential host reservoirs, geothermometer calculations, and results of packer testing indicate that the fractured groundwater reservoir is the Rollins Sandstone (120 m thick) directly beneath the coal seams. The packer test also demonstrates that the methane gas is contained in the coal seams. A geothermal gradient of 70–80°C km⁻¹, related to an underlying intrusion, is probably responsible for the slightly elevated discharge temperatures. Large discharge volumes, as great as 8.2×10⁵m³ from the 14 South East Headgate fault (14 SEHG), rapid declines in discharge rates, and vertical and horizontal permeability (matrix permeability generally <0.006 Darcy) indicate fracture flow. An in-mine pumping test demonstrates that the 14 SEHG fault has excellent hydraulic communication with fractures 50 m from the fault. Aeromagnetic data indicate that the faults are tectonically related to an igneous body that is several thousand meters below the coal seams. Exploratory drilling has confirmed a fourth fault, and two additional faults are projected, based on the aeromagnetic data. The conceptual model describes a series of parallel, hydraulically separate groundwater systems associated with fault-specific damage zones. The faults are about 600 m apart. Groundwater stored in fractured sandstone is confined above and below by clayey layers. Received March 1999 / Revised, November 1999 / Accepted, December 1999  相似文献   

Small pelagics in upwelling systems: patterns of interaction and structural changes in "wasp-waist" ecosystems     

Cury  Philippe; Bakun  Andrew; Crawford  Robert J. M.; Jarre  Astrid; Quinones  Renato A.; Shannon  Lynne J.; Verheye  Hans M. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2000,57(3):603-618

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Wave Numerical Model for Shallow Water   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

徐福敏  严以新  张长宽  宋志尧  茅丽华 《中国海洋工程》2000,14(2):193-202

The history of forecasting wind waves by wave energy conservation equation is briefly des-cribed.Several currently used wave numerical models for shallow water based on different wave theoriesare discussed.Wave energy conservation models for the simulation of shallow water waves are introduced,with emphasis placed on the SWAN model,which takes use of the most advanced wave research achieve-ments and has been applied to several theoretical and field conditions.The characteristics and applicabilityof the model,the finite difference numerical scheme of the action balance equation and its source termscomputing methods are described in detail.The model has been verified with the propagation refractionnumerical experiments for waves propagating in following and opposing currents;finally.the model is ap-plied to the Haian Gulf area to simulate the wave height and wave period field there,and the results arecompared with observed data.  相似文献   

Bivariate autoregressive models for the time series of significant wave height and mean period     

C. Guedes Soares  C. Cunha 《Coastal Engineering》2000,40(4)

This paper generalises the application of univariate models of the long-term time series of significant wave height to the case of the bivariate series of significant wave height and mean period. A brief review of the basic features of multivariate autoregressive models is presented, and then applications are made to the wave time series of Figueira da Foz, in Portugal. It is demonstrated that the simulated series from these models exhibit the correlation between the two parameters a feature that univariate series cannot reproduce. An application to two series of significant wave height from two neighbouring stations shows the applicability of this type of models to other type of correlated data sets.  相似文献