Limnology of Opal Lake     

D. J. Forsyth  A. L. MacKenzie 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):279-283

Opal Lake, a cold, acid lake on the central volcanic plateau of the North Island, New Zealand, had an average pH of 4.3 and was highly eutrophic. The biota was less diverse than in neighbouring near‐neutral waters. Macrophytes were rare; phytoplankton were mainly represented by the Chlorophyceae, and there were only 4 zooplankton species. The mean standing crop of macroinvertebrates was 6240 per square metre; this was higher than in other eutrophic lakes in the region and comprised more than 98% chironomid larvae represented by 4 species. Molluscs were absent. The fauna was more diverse than in more acid lakes of the .central volcanic plateau.  相似文献   

Food and energy in the diet of brown and rainbow trout from Lake Benmore,New Zealand     

N. H. McCarter 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):551-559

The diet of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (S. gairdnerii) was studied in specimens from Lake Benmore, a deep, oligo‐trophic lake in South Island, New Zealand. Between November and July, both species fed mainly on small molluscs (Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Physa sp., and Gyraulus corinna) gleaned from the littoral weed beds. Energy values for the three species of mollusc were determined: P. antipodarum, 6000 J g^‐1; G. corinna, 5500 J g^‐1; Physa sp., 9800 J g^‐1. Potamopyrgus antipodarum yielded little energy to the fish, unless its shell broke during passage through the gut. Physa sp. was the most profitable mollusc, irrespective of shell breakage and Potamopyrgus antipodanim the least profitable. The mean energy value per snail for G. corinna and Physa sp. eaten by rainbow trout was 25–30% less than for snails eaten by brown trout, possibly because rainbow trout ingested empty shells from the sediment surface. Rainbow trout extracted about 20% more energy than brown trout from unbroken shells. In July, 84% of the brown trout switched to predation of common bullies, Gobio‐morphus cotidianus, probably as a result of bully reproductive behaviour. Rainbow trout did not show the same change, apparently because they were feeding in deeper water where few bullies were available. The low‐energy diet and its possible connection with growth rate are discussed.  相似文献   

Field calibration of a formula for entrance mixing of river inflows to lakes: Lake Taupo,North Island,New Zealand     

Robert H. Spigel  Clive Howard‐Williams  Max Gibbs  Scott Stephens  Barry Waugh 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):785-802

Field measurements were used to validate predictions for the initial dilution of negatively buoyant, cold‐water inflows to Lake Taupo, as part of a study to quantify mixing processes associated with the two largest inflows to the lake. The predictions were made using a formulation originally derived for positively buoyant, warm‐water inflows to cooling ponds. The formulation predicts the total dilution of an inflow during its inertia‐dominated phase between its entrance to the lake and the point where buoyancy forces are great enough to cause the inflow to plunge and form a submerged density current. In one of the measured inflows, the inflowing jet was free to entrain from both sides; in the other, entrainment was restricted on one side by attachment of the inflowing jet to the shoreline of a bay just upstream of the plunge point. In the former example, the unmodified coefficients from the cooling pond formulation provided an excellent prediction of initial dilution. In the latter example, entrainment was reduced and different coefficients were derived. In both examples the inflows remained attached to the lake bed throughout their course until their liftoff at depths of 45–55 m to form interflows. The difference between coefficients for the two inflows indicates that the coefficient values should be considered site‐specific. The formulation is not valid for inflows that separate from the bottom of the inflow channel before plunging. The entrance mixing formulation was incorporated in a more general model of lake stratification, DYRESM, which already includes a well‐documented routine for routing underflows down submerged channels on the bed of a lake. Application of the model to the inflows measured in Lake Taupo gave good results for two model outputs that were not involved in the calibration of the entrance mixing formulation, but that are affected by the result of the initial dilution calculation—the temperatures in the river plume after it has plunged, and the insertion depth.  相似文献   

循化-化隆盆地晚白垩世以来盆山耦合过程: 来自物源与磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析的证据     

张远泽  王国灿  王岸  张克信 《地球科学》2013,38(4):725-744

循化-化隆盆地新生代沉积及盆地基底和周缘山系磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析揭示了青藏高原东北缘晚白垩世以来经历过3期隆升剥露事件: (1)盆地基底及拉脊山和西秦岭北缘构造带磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分析普遍记录了晚白垩世-始新世中期相对快速的区域性的隆升剥露事件, 西秦岭北缘快速抬升的起始时间为84Ma, 受控于向北的逆冲抬升; 向北到循化-化隆盆地中部的拉目峡抬升的起始时间为69Ma; 更北的拉脊山一带快速抬升期主要为40~50Ma, 从而反映晚白垩世-始新世中期的快速抬升由南向北逐渐扩展.这一期构造隆升事件导致循化-化隆盆地和临夏盆地缺失了北部西宁-民和盆地古近纪所具有的西宁群沉积.隆升剥露结束于31Ma左右, 此时化隆-循化盆地向东与同时期的临夏盆地相连为一个统一的大型西秦岭山前盆地, 两者具有相同的构造、沉积演化史, 因此循化-化隆盆地他拉组底部地层年龄最老不会超过临夏盆地最老地层的古地磁年龄, 即29Ma.(2)渐新世晚期约26Ma拉脊山开始双向逆冲隆升, 并可能延续到中新世早期约21Ma, 隆升作用使循化-化隆盆地成为挟持于拉脊山逆冲带和西秦岭构造带之间的山前挤压型前陆盆地, 循化-化隆盆地开始大规模沉积巨厚的他拉组冲积扇相粗碎屑岩.(3)通过循化-化隆盆地咸水河组和临夏组的沉积相分析、古流方向和砾石成分分析, 揭示出拉脊山构造带在中新世8Ma左右发生的最大规模的双向逆冲隆升事件, 这次事件直接导致循化-化隆盆地由前陆挤压盆地转变为山间盆地, 形成现今青藏高原东北缘的盆山地貌基本格局.   相似文献   

济南市燕翅山铁矿采空区稳定性分析评价     

王庆兵  杨全城 《山东国土资源》2013,29(9)

济南燕翅山铁矿已闭坑多年,遗留大量的采空区潜在地面塌陷、山体崩塌及裂缝隐患,对当地人民群众生命财产安全构成威胁。该文对采空区稳定性进行了分析计算,并根据研究区实际,提出了主要地质灾害治理方法和措施建议。  相似文献   

Environmental change,hydromorphological reference conditions and the restoration of Polish Carpathian rivers   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bartłomiej Wyżga  Joanna Zawiejska  Artur Radecki‐Pawlik  Hanna Hajdukiewicz 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(11):1213-1226

In the twentieth century Polish Carpathian rivers were considerably modified by channelization and gravel mining, with significant detrimental effects to their ecological integrity, vertical stability of the streambeds and flood hazard to downstream river reaches. Restoration of the rivers is thus necessary to improve their ecological status and re‐establish geomorphic dynamic equilibrium conditions. Various approaches to defining hydromorphological reference conditions, proposed to date in river restoration literature, have serious deficiencies. In particular, environmental changes that took place in the catchments of Carpathian rivers during the twentieth century invalidate the historical state of the rivers as reference for their restoration. This is illustrated by a change from bar‐braided to island‐braided channel pattern that occurred in the past century in unmanaged sections of the Czarny Dunajec in response to a reduction in flow and sediment dynamics of the river. We indicate that reference conditions should be defined as those which exist or would exist under present environmental conditions in the catchment but without human influence on the channel, riparian zone and floodplain of the river which is to be restored. This assumption was tested through the evaluation of hydromorphological river quality of the Czarny Dunajec according to the European Standard EN‐14614. The evaluation confirmed a high‐status hydromorphological quality in an unmanaged channel section, which can thus be used as a reference for restoration of impacted river sections. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

洪湖湿地恢复中的生态水位控制与江湖联系研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

王学雷  宁龙梅  肖锐 《湿地科学》2008,6(2)

江湖阻隔造成洪湖湿地生态系统呈现出退化态势。维系洪湖湿地生态功能需要一定的水量与适宜的湖泊生态水位。根据洪湖湿地的综合生态功能对湖泊水位的不同要求,确定了洪湖合理的生态水位,以作为科学调度控制水位的重要依据,要建立有机的江湖联系机制,合理而科学地调节洪湖与长江的关系,有利于恢复洪湖湿地生境,保护流域内生物多样性。  相似文献   

新疆天山北坡经济带土地利用时空变化特征研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

满苏尔·沙比提  迪里木拉提·玉苏甫 《地域研究与开发》2008,27(2):103-108

基于GIS平台,以新疆各县市统计资料及Landsat TM 影像解译得到的三期土地利用数据为基础,对天山北坡经济带1996-2004年土地利用数量、类型及其变化进行了分析.结果得出,前后2个4年间,天山北坡经济带林地和未利用土地是先增加后减少.在8年尺度上土地利用总的动态特征是,耕地、园地、林地、水域、建设用地及未利用土地面积增加,草地面积减少.8年尺度天山北坡经济带综合土地利用动态度为12.95%.前4年综合土地利用动态度为12.83%,园地、水域及未利用土地的年变化率较大,林地的年变化率较小.后4年天山北坡经济带综合土地利用动态度为1.58%,建设用地与园地的年变化率较大,草地及耕地的变化率较小,前4年变化程度比后4年明显.最后,引入单一土地利用类型相对变化率反映出天山北坡经济带土地利用变化存在明显的区域差异.政策变动、经济发展、城市化水平、市场需求和人口增长是天山北坡经济带土地利用变化的主要原因.  相似文献   

A call for Australian loess: discussion and commentary     

Ian Smalley 《Area》2008,40(1):131-134

A study of loess in Australia brings the idea of 'desert' loess back into view. Production of particles in deserts still presents problems, but deserts do make adequate storage regions for loess particles – usually produced in adjacent mountains. Straightforward for Central Asia or China (a particle source in High Asia and convenient deserts en route to eventual deposition), but the Sahara and Australian deserts traditionally present problems. If loess material is allowed to be silt-sized clay agglomerate particles as well as the usual clastic primary minerals, then loess in Australia seems reasonable. Loess acquires its remarkable loessic qualities via aeolian deposition – the nature of the particles is perhaps of lesser importance. A more generalised approach to airborne sediments might be attempted, with two major types of suspension material recognised: large dust (maybe coarse and very coarse silt, say 20–60 µm, or perhaps 4–6 phi) and small dust (fine and very fine silt, 2–8 µm, 7–9 phi). Loess is made from large dust.  相似文献   

东南极内陆格罗夫山地区冰厚及冰下地形特征     

李亚炜  刘小汉  康世昌  赵博  稂时楠 《冰川冻土》2015,37(3):580-586

中国第30次南极科学考察队格罗夫山分队(CHINARE30, 2013-2014年)利用雪地车载深层探冰雷达在东南极格罗夫山地区开展了测线总长度超过200 km大范围、高分辨率的冰厚及冰下地形调查, 获得了哈丁山北部和萨哈罗夫岭与阵风悬崖之间详细的冰厚及冰下地形特征. 通过对雷达数据分析表明, 哈丁山北部区域平均冰厚为580 m, 最大冰厚超过1 000 m, 出现在该区域的东北方向, 而东南方向冰厚相对较小; 萨哈罗夫岭与阵风悬崖之间区域的平均冰厚为610 m, 最大冰厚超过1 100 m, 该区域槽谷发育十分成熟, 槽谷形态近似呈U型. 通过对雷达剖面影像的筛选和分析, 推测在格罗夫山地区可能存在2个液态冰下湖泊.  相似文献