纵向地震作用下通航渡槽碰撞特征研究     

聂利英  林浩然  李守胜  帅娇娇  汪基伟 《地震工程与工程振动》2020,(2):73-82

通航渡槽与升船机是过坝的快速通道。通航渡槽具有墩高由高到低连续变化、升船机与相邻高墩区渡槽基本周期差异大的结构特点,属于地震下激烈碰撞易发结构。基于有限元模型,对通航渡槽进行碰撞特征、控制因素以及地震响应影响研究。研究结果表明:渡槽与升船机周期差异大是造成剧烈碰撞的主要因素,且此碰撞有明显的传递效应;具有大位移的高墩在相邻渡槽跨周期差异不大时也会造成剧烈的碰撞,是碰撞的另一主要控制因素;有别于桥梁结构中碰撞通常限制墩的位移,通航渡槽中靠近升船机的剧烈碰撞区域,出现了明显的槽墩位移放大现象;碰撞对支座剪力影响程度远大于墩底剪力、弯矩。  相似文献   

Width control on event-scale deposition and evacuation of sediment in bedrock-confined channels     

Kristen L. Cook  Jens M. Turowski  Niels Hovius 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(14):3702-3713

In mixed bedrock–alluvial rivers, the response of the system to a flood event can be affected by a number of factors, including coarse sediment availability in the channel, sediment supply from the hillslopes and upstream, flood sequencing and coarse sediment grain size distribution. However, the impact of along-stream changes in channel width on bedload transport dynamics remains largely unexplored. We combine field data, theory and numerical modelling to address this gap. First, we present observations from the Daan River gorge in western Taiwan, where the river flows through a 1 km long 20–50 m wide bedrock gorge bounded upstream and downstream by wide braidplains. We documented two flood events during which coarse sediment evacuation and redeposition appear to cause changes of up to several metres in channel bed elevation. Motivated by this case study, we examined the relationships between discharge, channel width and bedload transport capacity, and show that for a given slope narrow channels transport bedload more efficiently than wide ones at low discharges, whereas wider channels are more efficient at high discharges. We used the model sedFlow to explore this effect, running a random sequence of floods through a channel with a narrow gorge section bounded upstream and downstream by wider reaches. Channel response to imposed floods is complex, as high and low discharges drive different spatial patterns of erosion and deposition, and the channel may experience both of these regimes during the peak and recession periods of each flood. Our modelling suggests that width differences alone can drive substantial variations in sediment flux and bed response, without the need for variations in sediment supply or mobility. The fluctuations in sediment transport rates that result from width variations can lead to intermittent bed exposure, driving incision in different segments of the channel during different portions of the hydrograph. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd  相似文献   

In-situ assessment of the spatial arrangement of step–pool units on eroded rills     

Rafael Giménez  Elena Zubieta  Gerard Govers  Miguel A. Campo-Bescos 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(14):2731-2740

Rills are generated on homogeneous hillslopes by the action of different discharges and evolve morphologically over short timescales due to a strong interaction between the flow and bed morphology. Such an interaction generates a reconfiguration of the bed geometry. Previous works suggest that bed geometry is often characterized by alternation between pools and flat reaches (steps). Each step–pool unit may contribute to hydraulic resistance and affects flow behaviour. The objectives of this work are (i) to assess different (innovative) techniques for the in-situ assessment of rill bed geometry, (ii) to use these techniques to assess the geometry of eroded rills in situ in order to determine the spatial arrangement in the bed macro-scale roughness and (iii) finally to analyse the role of slope and discharge as driving factors associated with the development of these macroforms. Roughly rectilinear, long rills were formed in the field as a result of combining different slope and discharges. Photogrammetry provided detailed digital elevation models (DEMs) before and after the experiments. The rills were morphologically characterized from the DEMs. In each rill, the presence of step–pools was identified from long profiles according mainly to morphological criteria published elsewhere, but with ad hoc critical threshold values more appropriate for small eroded channels. The minimum slope required for the development of step–pool units seems to be somewhere between 5 and 15%. Discharge seems to affect pool size or roughness amplitude. There does not seem to be a clear step–pool periodicity. However, external factors could have affected the normal growth and alternation of these structures. Identification of steps and pools from longitudinal elevation profiles can be objectively accomplished using a series of geometric rules originally proposed for rivers and large channels, and adapted to rills. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Experimental delta evolution in tidal environments: Morphologic response to relative sea-level rise and net deposition     

Alvise Finotello  Nathan Lentsch  Chris Paola 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(10):2000-2015

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A new sampler for extracting bed material sediment from sand and gravel beds in navigable rivers     

Michael Bliss Singer 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(14):2277-2284

Grain‐size distributions of bed material sediment in large alluvial rivers are required in various scientific and management applications, but characterizing gravel beds in navigable rivers is hampered by difficulties in sediment extraction. The newly developed and preliminarily tested sampler reported here can extract sediment from a range of riverbeds. The 36 × 23 × 28 cm stainless steel toothed sampler is deployed from and dragged downstream by the weight of a jet boat, and it improves upon previous samplers that are unable to penetrate gravel bed surfaces, have small apertures, and/or cannot retain fine sediment. The presented sampler was used to extract 167 bed material sediment samples of up to 16 kg (dry weight) with an average sample size of ～6 kg from 67 cross‐sections spanning 160 river kilometres along the Sacramento River. It was also tested at three sites on a subaerial bar to compare surface, subsurface, and sampler distributions. Sampler penetration is ～5 cm. The device collects individual samples that satisfy the criterion for bed material sediment whereby the largest particle comprises no more than 5% of the total sample mass in gravel and sand beds, except where the degree of surface armouring is large (e.g. armor ratios >> 2) and where more than 10% of bed material sediment is composed of grains larger than 64 mm. When aggregated samples exceed 15 kg, all satisfy the criterion whereby the largest particle comprises no more than 1% of the total sample mass. Samples closely resemble surface size distributions, except where armouring is strong. The sampler should be subject to more rigorous field testing, but many of its current limitations are expected to become negligible with the advent a larger, heavier version of the sampling device. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

曲流点坝沉积模式、三维构形及其非均质模型   总被引：47，自引：3，他引：44  

马世忠  杨清彦 《沉积学报》2000,18(2):241-247

通过对曲流点坝形成过程、洪水事件的水动力条件及冲淤机制分析,结合大庆长垣曲流点坝垂向层序、侧积体类型与组成、岩石相、粒度、储油物性,建立了单一侧积体横向与垂向沉积模式和点坝侧积体沉积迭式,由此建立了点坝三维构形,进而对点坝砂体内部非均质控制格架、层次性、各级实体规律性、空间形态进行研究,建立三维非均质模型。  相似文献   

舟山六横岛海域浅部地层结构 与水下滑坡分布特征          下载免费PDF全文

孙鸿程  蔡廷禄  夏小明  王欣凯  刘毅飞 《海洋学研究》2019,37(1):59-66

舟山群岛海域峡道密布,峡道边坡失稳现象普遍发育,规模不一。多发的水下滑坡对海底光缆、港口码头等海岸工程设施都有较大威胁。2012年12月,使用浅地层剖面仪对六横岛周边峡道区进行探测,划分出3个主要声学反射界面以及4个地层单元,上部3个地层为全新世沉积层。发现6处水下滑坡,分布于六横岛沿岸边坡及毗邻的潮流深槽边坡。滑坡结构均为整体性滑坡,部分具多级性。从滑坡体规模看,滑坡体体积介于1.6×10⁵~2.7×10⁷ m³之间,其中超大型滑坡2处、大型滑坡3处、中型滑坡1处。根据界面与滑坡体的相关性,推测水下滑坡均发生在距今2.5 ka以来的全新世晚期。  相似文献   

Types and distribution patterns of modern tidal channels along the Huanghe River Delta coast     

尹延鸿  王玉荣  刘宪启 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1999,17(4):379-384

INTRODUCTIONTidalchannelsareimportantgeomorphologicunitsalongsiltcoasts.Theyhaveanevidentfunc tionfortidalflatbecausetheyareassociatedwithitsrapidbayheadwarderosionandlateralswing ing.Thetidalchannelsdevelopalongthecoastandplayanimportantroleinseaandlandinterac tion .Manyscientistsresearchedthetidalchannels (Bayliss Smith ,1 978;Shao ,1 988;Zhang ,1 995) .TheScientificandTechnicalCommitteeofShandongProvince (1 991 )investigatedthecoastoftheHuanghe (Yellow)RiverDeltaandresearchedtheti…  相似文献   

Simulations of measures to control lava flows     

Eisuke Fujita  Masataka Hidaka  Akio Goto  Susumu Umino 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(4):401-408

We evaluated the quantitative effects of artificial barriers, water-cooling and guiding channels on lava flow using the lava simulation program LavaSIM. Lava flow is basically subject to the topography around the path, effusive rate and viscosity. To prevent damage due to lava flow, we conducted experiments in controlling the flow direction, velocity and temperature. The simulation demonstrated that artificial barriers can successfully change the direction of a lava flow and is more effective when placed nearly parallel to the flow direction at a point where the topography is not very steep, while a barrier placed perpendicular to the flow direction can only stop the flux temporarily, ultimately allowing the solidified crust to accumulate and causing the following mass to go over the barrier. The water-cooling trial was also effective in controlling the direction and temperature, although the amount of water was as much order as 10⁵ m³. The guiding channels successfully control the direction and inundated area but only in local areas.  相似文献   

Morphodynamics and seismostratigraphy of a deep hole at tidal channel confluence     

Silvia Susana Ginsberg  Salvador Aliotta  Guillermo O. Lizasoain   《Geomorphology》2009,104(3-4):253-261

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