西藏地热气体的地球化学特征及其地质意义   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：9  

赵平  谢鄂军等 《岩石学报》2002,18(4):539-550

西藏水热活动是青苦恼高原碰撞造山过程的产物，其成因类型、物质来源和时空分布与青藏高原的隆升过程密切相关，地热流体（气、液相）中携带有中上地壳乃至地幔物质的深部信息。西藏地热流体可以区分出CO2型和N2型两类气体，其中绝大多数的地热气体样品属于CO2型气体，而典型的N2型气体则较少。前者具有岩浆热源和深循环两种成因类型，后者都是深循环成因。西藏气体样品中的He含量变化范围非常宽，最高的可达到1．5％。在门士热泉，首次检测到地幔He组分，这说明西藏地壳深处有地幔物质侵位。根据He同位素组成推断，羊八井、谷露等处的地壳熔融体中约有3％的地幔组分。西藏地热气体中的N2和Ar组分主要是大气成因，CO2组分大多以海相碳酸盐岩成因为主，混有少量有机沉积物成因CO2。当Log(H2/Ar)处于－0．8－0．3的区间时，H2／Ar地热温度计可以良好地指示热储层的温度范围。实际调查表明：西藏水热活动区大多分布在斑公错－怒江链合带以南地区，高温水热活动区主要出现在雅鲁藏布缝合带和那曲－羊八井－亚东活动构造带沿线。  相似文献   

Magmatic gas scrubbing: implications for volcano monitoring   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. B. Symonds  T. M. Gerlach  M. H. Reed 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2001,108(1-4)

Despite the abundance of SO_2(g) in magmatic gases, precursory increases in magmatic SO_2(g) are not always observed prior to volcanic eruption, probably because many terrestrial volcanoes contain abundant groundwater or surface water that scrubs magmatic gases until a dry pathway to the atmosphere is established. To better understand scrubbing and its implications for volcano monitoring, we model thermochemically the reaction of magmatic gases with water. First, we inject a 915°C magmatic gas from Merapi volcano into 25°C air-saturated water (ASW) over a wide range of gas/water mass ratios from 0.0002 to 100 and at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa. Then we model closed-system cooling of the magmatic gas, magmatic gas-ASW mixing at 5.0 MPa, runs with varied temperature and composition of the ASW, a case with a wide range of magmatic–gas compositions, and a reaction of a magmatic gas–ASW mixture with rock. The modeling predicts gas and water compositions, and, in one case, alteration assemblages for a wide range of scrubbing conditions; these results can be compared directly with samples from degassing volcanoes. The modeling suggests that CO_2(g) is the main species to monitor when scrubbing exists; another candidate is H₂S_(g), but it can be affected by reactions with aqueous ferrous iron. In contrast, scrubbing by water will prevent significant SO_2(g) and most HCl_(g) emissions until dry pathways are established, except for moderate HCl_(g) degassing from pH<0.5 hydrothermal waters. Furthermore, it appears that scrubbing will prevent much, if any, SO_2(g) degassing from long-resident boiling hydrothermal systems. Several processes can also decrease or increase H_2(g) emissions during scrubbing making H_2(g) a poor choice to detect changes in magma degassing.We applied the model results to interpret field observations and emission rate data from four eruptions: (1) Crater Peak on Mount Spurr (1992) where, except for a short post-eruptive period, scrubbing appears to have drastically diminished pre-, inter-, and post-eruptive SO_2(g) emissions, but had much less impact on CO_2(g) emissions. (2) Mount St. Helens where scrubbing of SO_2(g) was important prior to and three weeks after the 18 May 1980 eruption. Scrubbing was also active during a period of unrest in the summer of 1998. (3) Mount Pinatubo where early drying out prevented SO_2(g) scrubbing before the climactic 15 June 1991 eruption. (4) The ongoing eruption at Popocatépetl in an arid region of Mexico where there is little evidence of scrubbing.In most eruptive cycles, the impact of scrubbing will be greater during pre- and post-eruptive periods than during the main eruptive and intense passive degassing stages. Therefore, we recommend monitoring the following gases: CO_2(g) and H₂S_(g) in precursory stages; CO_2(g), H₂S_(g), SO_2(g), HCl_(g), and HF_(g) in eruptive and intense passive degassing stages; and CO_2(g) and H₂S_(g) again in the declining stages. CO_2(g) is clearly the main candidate for early emission rate monitoring, although significant early increases in the intensity and geographic distribution of H₂S_(g) emissions should be taken as an important sign of volcanic unrest and a potential precursor. Owing to the difficulty of extracting SO_2(g) from hydrothermal waters, the emergence of >100 t/d (tons per day) of SO_2(g) in addition to CO_2(g) and H₂S_(g) should be taken as a criterion of magma intrusion. Finally, the modeling suggests that the interpretation of gas-ratio data requires a case-by-case evaluation since ratio changes can often be produced by several mechanisms; nevertheless, several gas ratios may provide useful indices for monitoring the drying out of gas pathways.  相似文献   

Noble gases dissolved in groundwater in a volcanic aquifer: Helium isotopes in the Kumamoto Plain     

Y. Mahara 《Environmental Geology》1995,25(4):215-224

This study Investigates a tracing method using dissolved noble gases to survey the groundwater flow in a large groundwater basin. The tracing method is based on measuring the concentrations of noble gases and the ratio of helium isotopes in groundwater samples. Since it is very difficult to detect trace amounts of noble gases and helium with high accuracy in a 15-ml groundwater sample, dissolved gases were extracted and purified, then a high-resolution mass spectrometer was used for measurement and comparison with standard samples. We used this method with samples from a confined aquifer formed by the deposition of pyroclastic flow in the Kumamoto Plain on the west side of Mt. Aso in central Kyushu, Japan. The groundwater basin under the plain is divided into four small basins, based on the helium concentrations and isotope ratios, with two major groundwater flows. One flow is buried by the Aso pyroclastic flow along the old Kase River; the other is along the Tsuboi River Valley. These two groundwater flows were identified from the different helium isotope-ratios. The helium component from the deep mantle is mixed into the groundwater under the Kumamoto Plain. Finally, data on the concentrations and ratios of³He to⁴He in groundwater samples were used to determine the location of faults in the volcanic aquifer.  相似文献   

Natural gas generation model and its response in accumulated fluids in the Yinggehai basin   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郝芳  邹华耀  黄保家 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2003,46(11):1103-1112

The generation of natural gases is much more complicated in comparison with liquid petro-leum in that natural gases could be generated from both humic and sapropelic organic matter at different stages and that natural gases could be organic and inorganic …  相似文献   

西太平洋海底海山富钴结壳惰性气体同位素组成及其来源   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

孙晓明  薛婷何高文  叶先仁张美陆红锋  王生伟 《岩石学报》2006,22(9):2331-2340

采用高真空气体质谱系统测定了西太平洋麦哲伦海山富钴结壳不同层圈及其基岩的惰性气体丰度和同位素组成,结果显示:(1)西太平洋富钴结壳主要是水成成因,其中惰性气体来源不同,He 绝大多数来自宇宙尘(IDPs),少量来自陆源风成微粒;Ar 主要来自海水溶解的大气,少量来自陆源风成微粒或沉积岩建造水;Ne 和 Xe 主要来自海水中溶解大气, 少量来自宇宙尘;(2)在具三层结构的结壳中,亮煤层(致密层)的惰性气体同位素相对外层和疏松层有较大的不同,显示大洋磷酸岩化对早期沉积的结壳惰性气体组成有较大的影响,如导致~4He 的升高和~3He/~4He 的显著降低;(3)太平洋富钴结壳玄武岩基岩的~3He/~4He 非常低,为0.0095～0.074Ra,与本区磷块岩基岩(0.087Ra)相似,而远低于正常海底玄武岩的~3He/~4He 比值,显示这些基岩曾与富含放射性成因~4He 和 P 的上升洋流或沉积物中建造水发生过水/岩反应,这个过程将释放出较多的成矿元素,有利于富钴结壳的形成,海底海山玄武岩中较低的 He 同位素组成可作为富钴结壳的找矿标志之一。  相似文献   

温室气体源汇及其对气候影响的研究现状   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

陈碧辉 《气象科学》2006,26(5):586-590

温室气体对全球气候变化将产生深远的影响。本文拟从温室气体源汇研究以及温室气体对气候环境的影响等方面论述温室气体研究进展。尽管目前国内外对主要的温室气体源与汇研究报道很多,但不同的研究结果不尽一致,有些研究间甚至出现相反的结论。温室气体增加对气候的影响及其检测,主要是利用不同复杂程度的数值模式进行研究。  相似文献   

利用卫星光谱分析技术进行断层逸出气体监测   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵谊  李继业 《国际地震动态》2006,(7):32-40

在不少震例中,临震前地壳出现气体异常,震前地下岩石受力产生裂隙,隐藏在地层中的CO2、CH4等温室气体逸出地表或水面。利用卫星光谱分析技术对断层逸出气体组分含量和总量进行监测,筛选出能够反应地震孕育过程中地下逸出气体异常演化特征的参数,建立地震短期预测的动态演化方法。对于认识震前地表气体异常机理,了解流体震兆的演变规律与这些气体异常的动态关系,改善卫星遥感地震预测,是很必要的。  相似文献   

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2007

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.  相似文献   

It starts at home? Climate policies targeting household consumption and behavioral decisions are key to low-carbon futures     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2007

Through their consumption behavior, households are responsible for 72% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, they are key actors in reaching the 1.5 °C goal under the Paris Agreement. However, the possible contribution and position of households in climate policies is neither well understood, nor do households receive sufficiently high priority in current climate policy strategies. This paper investigates how behavioral change can achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in European high-income countries. It uses theoretical thinking and some core results from the HOPE research project, which investigated household preferences for reducing emissions in four European cities in France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The paper makes five major points: First, car and plane mobility, meat and dairy consumption, as well as heating are the most dominant components of household footprints. Second, household living situations (demographics, size of home) greatly influence the household potential to reduce their footprint, even more than country or city location. Third, household decisions can be sequential and temporally dynamic, shifting through different phases such as childhood, adulthood, and illness. Fourth, short term voluntary efforts will not be sufficient by themselves to reach the drastic reductions needed to achieve the 1.5 °C goal; instead, households need a regulatory framework supporting their behavioral changes. Fifth, there is a mismatch between the roles and responsibilities conveyed by current climate policies and household perceptions of responsibility. We then conclude with further recommendations for research and policy.  相似文献   

Fumarolic gases at Mombacho volcano (Nicaragua): presence of magmatic gas species and implications for volcanic surveillance     

K. Garofalo  F. Tassi  O. Vaselli  A. Delgado-Huertas  D. Tedesco  M. Frische  T. H. Hansteen  R. J. Poreda  W. Strauch 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2007,69(7):785-795

Mombacho is a deeply dissected volcano belonging to the Quaternary volcanic chain of Nicaragua. The southern, historic collapse crater (El Crater) currently hosts a fumarolic field with a maximum temperature of 121°C. Chemical and isotopic data from five gas-sampling field campaigns carried out in 2002, 2003 and 2005 highlight the presence of high-temperature gas components (e.g. SO₂, HCl and HF), which indicate a significant contribution of juvenile magmatic fluids to the hydrothermal system feeding the gas discharges. This is strongly supported by the mantle-derived helium and carbon isotopic signatures, although the latter is partly masked by either a sedimentary subduction-related or a shallow carbonate component. The observed chemical and isotopic composition of the Mombacho fluids seems to indicate that this volcanic system, although it has not experienced eruptive events during the last centuries, can be considered active and possibly dangerous, in agreement with the geophysical data recorded in the region. Systematic geochemical monitoring of the fumarolic gas discharges, coupled with a seismic and ground deformation network, is highly recommended in order to monitor a possible new eruptive phase.  相似文献