连续中间法三角高程测量权的探讨     

杜宁  王莉 《测绘科学》2012,37(3):142-143

在测量平差过程中,权的选取会对平差结果造成一定的影响。定权不合理会导致高差观测值改正数分配不合理,严重时会扭曲三角高程平差值,继而平差结果不能真实反映实际观测。本文在分析连续中间法三角高程测量原理的基础上,依据权的定义及误差理论,推导了中间法三角高程测量平差计算中权的确定公式,得出了权与测站距离平方和成反比的定权方法,该方法能客观地反映中间法三角高程测量高差观测值间的权比,有助于改善三角高程测量的精度。  相似文献   

The Time and Regime Dependencies of Sensitive Areas for Tropical Cyclone Prediction Using the CNOP Method     

ZHOU Feifan  MU Mu 《大气科学进展》2012,29(4):705-716

This study examines the time and regime dependencies of sensitive areas identified by the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP) method for forecasts of two typhoons.Typhoon Meari(2004) was weakly nonlinear and is herein referred to as the linear case,while Typhoon Matsa(2005) was strongly nonlinear and is herein referred to as the nonlinear case.In the linear case,the sensitive areas identified for special forecast times when the initial time was fixed resembled those identified for other forecast times.Targeted observations deployed to improve a special time forecast would thus also benefit forecasts at other times.In the nonlinear case,the similarities among the sensitive areas identified for different forecast times were more limited.The deployment of targeted observations in the nonlinear case would therefore need to be adapted to achieve large improvements for different targeted forecasts.For both cases,the closer the forecast time,the higher the similarities of the sensitive areas.When the forecast time was fixed,the sensitive areas in the linear case diverged continuously from the verification area as the forecast period lengthened,while those in the nonlinear case were always located around the initial cyclones.The deployment of targeted observations to improve a special forecast depends strongly on the time of deployment.An examination of the efficiency gained by reducing initial errors within the identified sensitive areas confirmed these results.In general,the greatest improvement in a special time forecast was obtained by identifying the sensitive areas for the corresponding forecast time period.  相似文献   

我国东部海洋温度锋区对大气的强迫作用——季节变化   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

徐蜜蜜  徐海明  朱素行  周林义 《大气科学》2012,36(3):590-606

采用一系列高分辨率的卫星资料研究了我国东部海区的海洋温度锋对局地大气的强迫作用及其季节变化。分析表明, 当春季海洋锋增强时, 海温与海表面风速之间存在明显的正相关关系, 并且在海洋锋的暖 (冷) 侧形成海表风的辐合 (辐散), 表现为海洋对大气的强迫作用。海温对表面风场的影响程度与海洋锋的强度成正比, 春季影响程度最大, 夏、秋季最小。海洋锋对其附近的总降水、对流、层云降水均有影响, 尤其在春季海洋锋暖侧的降水强度增大, 对流降水的频次增多, "雨顶" 高度也有明显的抬升。暖流对大气的影响不仅局限在边界层, 其影响可达整个对流层。另外, 分析发现对流降水对海温的响应比层云降水更加敏感。研究还表明, 暖流上空高、低云呈现相反的年循环特点, 冬季多0.5~2 km的边界层云, 夏季多云底在10 km以上的高云。深对流云集中出现在3~6月, 从冬季到初夏, 30%以上的云量中心抬高了接近8 km。春季和初夏在海洋锋的暖侧频繁地出现深对流活动。  相似文献   

利用空间观测技术研究青海玛多7.4级地震孕育发生变形时空特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

姜卫平  许才军  李志伟  武艳强  谭凯  耿江辉  屈春燕  郑刚  温扬茂  贺克锋  周晓慧  刘计洪  陈长云  冯光财  省天琛 《地球物理学报》2022,65(2):495-508

为揭示2021年青海玛多7.4级地震震前变形与同震破裂特征,本文系统收集与处理了青海省CORS站和中国地壳运动观测网络等GNSS资料、以及Sentinel-1和ALOS-2卫星SAR数据,通过多源数据综合处理获取了玛多地震形变场动态结果.震前GNSS形变场结果显示,玛多震源区处于其北侧剪切形变高值区边缘,震前存在左旋剪...  相似文献   

一种利用GNSS三频观测值计算绝对电离层TEC的方法     

龚阳昭  蔡昌盛 《大地测量与地球动力学》2017,37(2):205-208

利用GNSS 3个频率观测值两两组合计算获得电离层总电子含量（TEC）值,加入IGS提供的硬件延迟偏差产品对不同频率间的硬件延迟偏差进行改正。结果表明,经硬件延迟偏差改正后,不同双频组合获得的TEC偏差显著缩小。在此基础上,提出了一种合成最终TEC的方法。  相似文献   

基于局域化EnKF同时同化地下水水流和溶质运移数据的渗透系数场识别研究          下载免费PDF全文

曹少华  崔凯鹏  蒋建国  吴吉春 《高校地质学报》2018,24(5):769

局域化改进集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）可以克服EnKF方法在使用小集合时,对参数识别精度较低的缺陷,其能同化 地下水位观测数据有效识别渗透系数场。实际工作中,溶质运移数据也较容易获得。崔凯鹏（2013）尝试增加溶质运移 数据以改进只同化水流数据对渗透系数的估计结果,但是精度提高有限。本文在其基础上修改模型,进一步增加溶质注 入井,探究同时同化水头和溶质运移数据,对渗透系数场识别效果,之后对比了局域化EnKF与非局域化EnKF参数识别结 果,并分析了溶质影响范围与参数识别的关系。结果表明：同时同化溶质运移和水头资料,比同化单一种类观测数据识别 的渗透系数精度更高;相同实现数目下,局域化EnKF比EnKF对渗透系数场的估计结果与真实场更为接近;仅考虑溶质影 响范围内的渗透系数,同化水头数据在最后时刻参数识别结果好于同化溶质运移数据参数识别结果,但差别不大。  相似文献   

ALMA as the ideal probe of the solar chromosphere     

Maria A. Loukitcheva  Sami K. Solanki  Stephen White 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2008,313(1-3):197-200

The very nature of the solar chromosphere, its structuring and dynamics, remains far from being properly understood, in spite of intensive research. Here we point out the potential of chromospheric observations at millimeter wavelengths to resolve this long-standing problem. Computations carried out with a sophisticated dynamic model of the solar chromosphere due to Carlsson and Stein demonstrate that millimeter emission is extremely sensitive to dynamic processes in the chromosphere and the appropriate wavelengths to look for dynamic signatures are in the range 0.8–5.0 mm. The model also suggests that high resolution observations at mm wavelengths, as will be provided by ALMA, will have the unique property of reacting to both the hot and the cool gas, and thus will have the potential of distinguishing between rival models of the solar atmosphere. Thus, initial results obtained from the observations of the quiet Sun at 3.5 mm with the BIMA array (resolution of 12″) reveal significant oscillations with amplitudes of 50–150 K and frequencies of 1.5–8 mHz with a tendency toward short-period oscillations in internetwork and longer periods in network regions. However higher spatial resolution, such as that provided by ALMA, is required for a clean separation between the features within the solar atmosphere and for an adequate comparison with the output of the comprehensive dynamic simulations.  相似文献   

The dust trail of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko     

Michael S. Kelley  William T. Reach 《Icarus》2008,193(2):572-587

We report the detection of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko's dust trail and nucleus in 24 μm Spitzer Space Telescope images taken February 2004. The dust trail is not found in optical Palomar images taken June 2003. Both the optical and infrared images show a distinct neck-line tail structure, offset from the projected orbit of the comet. We compare our observations to simulated images using a Monte Carlo approach and a dynamical model for comet dust. We estimate the trail to be at least one orbit old (6.6 years) and consist of particles of size ?100 μm. The neck-line is composed of similar sized particles, but younger in age. Together, our observations and simulations suggest grains 100 μm and larger in size dominate the total mass ejected from the comet. The radiometric effective radius of the nucleus is 1.87±0.08 km, derived from the Spitzer observation. The Rosetta spacecraft is expected to arrive at and orbit this comet in 2014. Assuming the trail is comprised solely of 1 mm radius grains, we compute a low probability (∼¹⁰⁻³) of a trail grain impacting with Rosetta during approach and orbit insertion.  相似文献   

Titan's middle-atmospheric temperatures and dynamics observed by the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer     

Richard K. Achterberg  Barney J. Conrath  F. Michael Flasar 《Icarus》2008,194(1):263-277

The Composite Infrared Radiometer-Spectrometer (CIRS) instrument, on the NASA Cassini Saturn orbiter, has been acquiring thermal emission spectra from the atmosphere of Titan since orbit insertion in 2004. Observation sequences for measuring stratospheric temperatures have been obtained using both a nadir mapping mode and a limb viewing mode. The limb observations give better vertical resolution, and give information from higher altitudes, while the nadir observations provide more complete longitude coverage. Because the scale height of Titan's atmosphere is large enough so that emission from a grazing ray is influenced by horizontal temperature variations in the atmosphere, we have developed a two-dimensional temperature retrieval algorithm for reducing the limb spectra, which solves simultaneously for meridional and vertical temperature variations. The analyzed nadir mapping data have sampled nearly all longitudes at latitudes from about 90° S to 60° N, providing temperatures between pressure levels of about 5 to 0.2 mbar. The limb data covers latitudes between about 75° S and 85° N, and yields temperatures between about 1 and 0.005 mbar, at a small number of longitudes. The retrieved temperatures are consistent with early results from nadir observations [Flasar, F.M., and 44 colleagues, 2005. Science 308, 975-978] between 0.5 and 5 mbar where both results are valid, with the warmest temperatures at the equator, and much stronger meridional temperature gradients in the northern (winter) hemisphere than in the southern. At higher altitudes not probed by nadir viewing, the limb data reveal that the stratopause is nearly 20 K warmer in the northern polar regions than at the equator and southern hemisphere, and that the altitude of the stratopause shifts from ≈0.1 mbar (300 km) near the equator to 0.01 mbar (400 km) poleward of about 40° N. When the gradient wind equation is used to construct a zonal mean wind, the reversal in sign of the temperature leads to capping of the winter westerly flow. The core of the resulting jet is about 190 m s⁻¹ in magnitude, spans between 30° N and 60° N, and peaks near 0.1 mbar. Estimates of the radiative heating associated with the radiative disequilibrium lead to a meridional overturning timescale of about three Earth years.  相似文献   

Identification of a new band system of isotopic CO₂ near 3.3 μm: Implications for remote sensing of biomarker gases on Mars     

Geronimo L. Villanueva  Michael J. Mumma  Tilak Hewagama 《Icarus》2008,195(1):34-44

We present the discovery of a new vibrational band system of isotopic CO₂ (carbon dioxide) near 3.3 μm, with multiple strong P, Q and R lines in the prime spectral region used to search for Mars CH₄ (methane). The band system was discovered on Mars using high-resolution spectrometers (λ/δλ>40,000, CSHELL and NIRSPEC) at telescopes (NASA-IRTF and Keck-2) atop Mauna Kea, HI. The observed line intensities and frequencies agree very well with values predicted by a vibrational band model that we developed using known parameters for the molecular levels involved. Using this model, we synthesized spectra for different observing conditions (from Space and ground-based telescopes) and for different spectral resolving powers (5000 to 40,000). Although the total atmospheric burden on Mars is more than 150 times smaller than on Earth, the greater mixing ratio of CO₂ ensures that its column abundance on Mars is almost 20 times greater than on Earth. Thus, weak telluric CO₂ band systems appear much stronger on Mars. Many molecules of possible biological and geothermal interest have strong signatures at these wavelengths, in particular hydrocarbons owing to their strong ro-vibrational CH stretching modes. For example, the new isotopic CO₂ band-system encompasses lines of CH₄, C₂H₆ (ethane), CH₃OH (methanol) and H₂O (water). Implications for previous and future searches of biomarker gases are presented.  相似文献