内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗京格斯台碱性花岗岩年龄及意义   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  

张玉清许立权  康小龙宝音乌力吉 《中国地质》2009,36(5):988-995

东乌珠穆沁旗京格斯台碱性花岗岩出露于中蒙边界附近的京格斯台地区,1.20万区域地质调查归之于华力西晚期(K γ3(2)4)和印支期(γ15)侵入体,是兴蒙造山带南带碱性花岗岩的一部分.该岩石具高硅、富碱、准铝、贫镁钙的特点,SiO2含量为74.8%～78.7%,K2O＞Na2O,全碱含量大于8.0%,属于过碱性和碱性花岗岩类(PAG).岩石稀土总量偏低,轻重稀土元素分馏程度不明显,(La/Yb)N值0.898.84～5.168,6Eu为0.07～0.89,铕强烈亏损.为后造山伸展环境下的产物.采用单颗粒锆石U-Pb同位素稀释法测定京格斯台碱性花岗岩的年龄,206Pb/238U表面年龄加权平均值为(284.8±1.1)Ma.为早二叠世岩浆活动的产物.  相似文献   

岩体应力应变曲线转型的孔压效应与降雨滑坡的机制分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杨继红  董金玉  郝小红  刘汉东  刘海宁 《工程地质学报》2009,17(5):662-665

从宏观与微观机制方面探讨了孔隙水压力对岩体脆－延性转变的影响。定义了一个峰后破坏割线模量Epost来表征孔隙水压力对岩体应力应变曲线转型的效应,并结合突变理论得到的斜坡失稳的刚度判据,进一步分析了孔隙水压力对应力应变曲线峰后斜率的影响,随孔隙水压力的增加,峰后曲线斜率变陡,峰后刚度增大,即材料的均匀性、脆性增大与刚度比k减小。因此在系统内部条件不变时,刚度比k=1时就存在一个临界孔隙水压力pwcritical,即降雨等涨落因素引起滑面介质中的孔隙水压力大于这个临界值时斜坡就易于发生突变失稳。从而深化认识了降雨等外部涨落因素对斜坡系统失稳的重要触发作用。  相似文献   

Pervasive autocorrelation of the chemical index of alteration in sedimentary profiles and its palaeoenvironmental implications     

SHANGBIN XIAO  WEIGUO LIU  ANCHUN LI  SHOUYE YANG  ZHONGPING LAI 《Sedimentology》2010,57(2):670-676

The chemical index of alteration has been used widely for reconstruction of the palaeoclimate. However, the mechanisms and environmental factors controlling the chemical index of alteration of sediments are not yet fully understood. In this study, autocorrelations of the chemical index of alteration in nine sedimentary profiles, from both the land and the sea, spanning different geological times, are discussed. The sediments of these profiles have different origins (dust, fluvial or ocean sediments) and are from various climate situations and sedimentary environments. Autocorrelations of chemical index of alteration series are ubiquitously evident in all profiles. It is suggested here that autocorrelations may be caused by post‐depositional changes such as persistent weathering and diagenesis. As a result, the chemical index of alteration may not reflect climatic conditions during the time of sediment deposition. This study strongly recommends the confirmation of the reliability and veracity of the chemical index of alteration before it is adopted to evaluate the weathering degree of parent rocks and to reconstruct the past climate. Significant autocorrelations in loess profiles were specifically observed, suggesting that the existing understanding of loess deposition in terms of climate conditions requires re‐examination, and that previous reconstructions of rapid climate changes (for example, in centennial‐millennial scales) should be treated with caution.  相似文献   

内蒙古固阳县文圪乞镁铁质—超镁铁质岩体中铂族金属矿物的特征及成因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵兴国  苏尚国  王水炯  杨帅师  侯建光  池涵 《现代地质》2010,24(1)

在内蒙古固阳县文圪乞镁铁质—超镁铁质岩体中发现了砷铂矿、砷锑钯矿和黄碲钯矿等铂族金属矿物。野外观察和室内电子探针分析发现,砷铂矿与磁铁矿、绿泥石共生,砷锑钯矿和黄碲钯矿与黄铁矿共生。铂族金属主要赋存在二辉石岩中,且在镁铁质—超镁铁质杂岩体中呈脉状产出。文圪乞铂族金属的分布、产状及特征显示岩浆作用对铂族金属的富集起着关键的控制作用,岩浆期后的热液作用对铂族金属迁移、富集也起着关键作用。  相似文献   

Splitting a northern account of New Zealand's neoliberalism     

Nicolas Lewis 《New Zealand geographer》2012,68(3):168-174

This review responds to Richard Peet's ‘policy regimes’ account of New Zealand's neoliberal experiment published in this volume of the New Zealand Geographer. It welcomes Peet's intervention, especially its comparative approach and its political economy focus, but suggests further insight may have been gained from closer engagement with the work of New Zealand geographers. The review argues that Peet misses opportunities to learn from the New Zealand case. The review subjects a ‘northern’ account of southern experience to a critique by ‘splitting’, a characteristically southern approach to analysing social change from the Antipodes that pays close attention to the situatedness of knowledge production.  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal variation of stable isotopic composition in precipitation: Post‐condensational effects in a humid area          下载免费PDF全文

Sascha Müller  Christine Stumpp  Jens Havskov Sørensen  Søren Jessen 《水文研究》2017,31(18):3146-3159

In the present study, a 2‐year dataset on δ¹⁸O and δ²H in precipitation is used to investigate hydrometeorologic controls on the isotopic compositions in a temperate maritime climate. Data was collected in Denmark along a transect of Six sampling stations across a landscape with a small topographic gradient and predominant westerly winds. Data showed the local meteoric water line for this region is expressed by the equation δ²H = 7.4δ¹⁸O + 5.4‰. A significant trend correlating enriched isotopic values to humidities around 70% during dry season and more depleted isotopic values to humidities around 90% during wet season was derived from the dataset. Temperature was found to only influence the isotopic composition in a secondary way, whereas no significant relationship was obtained for precipitation amount and evapotranspiration. It is suggested that subcloud post‐condensation exchange strongly influences the isotopic composition at the study site. A simple model of evaporation on falling rain was applied with the aim to reproduce observational data and show the potential influence of changing humidity conditions on precipitation compositions. The rather simple model approach did not fully explain the observational data, but it highlights the drastic isotopic changes from a falling raindrop that potentially can occur due to its release into a dryer atmosphere. This study shows that regional conditions and especially humidity can alter the isotopic composition in precipitation substantially even in regions without major topographic and hydrometeorologic gradients.  相似文献   

Exploratory analysis of statistical post‐processing methods for hydrological ensemble forecasts          下载免费PDF全文

Marie‐Amelie Boucher  Luc Perreault  Franois Anctil  Anne‐Catherine Favre 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1141-1155

Despite many recent improvements, ensemble forecast systems for streamflow often produce under‐dispersed predictive distributions. This situation is problematic for their operational use in water resources management. Many options exist for post‐processing of raw forecasts. However, most of these have been developed using meteorological variables such as temperature, which displays characteristics very different from streamflow. In addition, streamflow data series are often very short or contain numerous gaps, thus compromising the estimation of post‐processing statistical parameters. For operational use, a post‐processing method has to be effective while remaining as simple as possible. We compared existing post‐processing methods using normally distributed and gamma‐distributed synthetic datasets. To reflect situations encountered with ensemble forecasts of daily streamflow, four normal distribution parameterizations and six gamma distribution parameterizations were used. Three kernel‐based approaches were tested, namely, the ‘best member’ method and two improvements thereof, and one regression‐based approach. Additional tests were performed to assess the ability of post‐processing methods to cope with short calibration series, missing values or small numbers of ensemble members. We thus found that over‐dispersion is best corrected by the regression method, while under‐dispersion is best corrected by kernel‐based methods. This work also shows key limitations associated with short data series, missing values, asymmetry and bias. One of the improved best member methods required longer series for the estimation of post‐processing parameters, but if provided with adequate information, yielded the best improvement of the continuous ranked probability score. These results suggest guidelines for future studies involving real operational datasets. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Performance‐based earthquake engineering assessment of a self‐centering,post‐tensioned concrete bridge system     

Won K. Lee  Sarah L. Billington 《地震工程与结构动力学》2011,40(8):887-902

Highway bridges in highly seismic regions can sustain considerable residual displacements in their columns following large earthquakes. These residual displacements are an important measure of post‐earthquake functionality, and often determine whether or not a bridge remains usable following an earthquake. In this study, a self‐centering system is considered that makes use of unbonded, post‐tensioned steel tendons to provide a restoring force to bridge columns to mitigate the problem of residual displacements. To evaluate the proposed system, a code‐conforming, case‐study bridge structure is analyzed both with conventional reinforced concrete columns and with self‐centering, post‐tensioned columns using a formalized performance‐based earthquake engineering (PBEE) framework. The PBEE analysis allows for a quantitative comparison of the relative performance of the two systems in terms of engineering parameters such as peak drift ratio as well as more readily understood metrics such as expected repair costs and downtime. The self‐centering column system is found to undergo similar peak displacements to the conventional system, but sustains lower residual displacements under large earthquakes, resulting in similar expected repair costs but significantly lower expected downtimes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Biaxial testing of unbonded post‐tensioned rocking bridge piers with external replacable dissipaters     

Dion Marriott  Stefano Pampanin  Alessandro Palermo 《地震工程与结构动力学》2011,40(15):1723-1741

The biaxial response of two bridge piers is experimentally investigated. A post‐tensioned precast bridge pier with external replaceable mild‐steel dissipaters is tested under biaxial loading. The performance of the post‐tensioned bridge pier is compared with a conventionally reinforced monolithic bridge pier. The experimental biaxial response is then compared with previous uniaxial experimental testing of identical bridge piers to understand the influence of biaxial loading, specifically concerning post‐tensioned rocking sections. A 3‐dimensional moment–curvature and moment–rotation analysis program is created to generate the monotonic section response of a conventional and post‐tensioned bridge pier. After comparing the accuracy of the section analysis program to the experimental testing of the monolithic pier, the program is validated against the experimental testing of the post‐tensioned bridge pier. This section analysis program is then used in the calibration of a macro‐model to capture the entire cyclic response of the post‐tensioned bridge pier. The macro‐model adopts multiple linear‐elastic compression‐only springs at the rocking interface, combined with non‐linear inelastic springs for each of the mild‐steel dissipaters and returns encouraging results at both local and global levels. The paper concludes with a number of biaxial moment‐interaction design charts for monolithic and post‐tensioned bridge piers as a function of mechanical and geometric section properties. The design charts define the biaxial yield surface at nominal yield and at the design section capacity defined by one of three material limit states. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effectiveness of three post‐fire rehabilitation treatments in the Colorado Front Range     

J. W. Wagenbrenner  L. H. MacDonald  D. Rough 《水文研究》2006,20(14):2989-3006

Post‐fire rehabilitation treatments are commonly implemented after high‐severity wildfires, but few data are available about the efficacy of these treatments. This study assessed post‐fire erosion rates and the effectiveness of seeding, straw mulching, and contour felling in reducing erosion after a June 2000 wildfire northwest of Loveland, Colorado. Site characteristics and sediment yields were measured on 12 burned and untreated control plots and 22 burned and treated plots from 2000 to 2003. The size of the hillslope plots ranged from 0·015 to 0·86 ha. Sediment yields varied significantly by treatment and were most closely correlated with the amount of ground cover. On the control plots the mean sediment yield declined from 6–10 Mg ha^?1 in the first two years after burning to 1·2 Mg ha^?1 in 2002 and 0·7 Mg ha^?1 in 2003. Natural regrowth caused the amount of ground cover on the control plots to increase progressively from 33% in fall 2000 to 88% in fall 2003. Seeding had no effect on either the amount of ground cover or sediment yields. Mulching reduced sediment yields by at least 95% relative to the control plots in 2001, 2002, and 2003, and the lower sediment yields are attributed to an immediate increase in the amount of ground cover in the mulched plots. The contour‐felling treatments varied considerably in the quality of installation, and sediment storage capacities ranged from 7 to 32 m³ ha^?1. The initial contour‐felling treatment did not reduce sediment yields when subjected to a very large storm event, but sediment yields were significantly reduced by a contour‐felling treatment installed after this large storm. The results indicate that contour felling may be able to store much of the sediment generated in an average year, but will not reduce sediment yields from larger storms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献