Persistent, Widespread, and Strongly Absorbing Haze Over the Himalayan Foothills and the Indo-Gangetic Plains     

V. Ramanathan  M. V. Ramana 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2005,162(8-9):1609-1626

We examine the impact of the Atmospheric Brown Clouds on the direct radiative forcing of the Himalayan foothills and the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) regions, home for over 500 million S. Asians. The NASA-Terra MODIS satellite data reveal an extensive layer of aerosols covering the entire IGP and Himalayan foothills region with seasonal mean AODs of about 0.4 to 0.5 in the visible wavelengths (0.55 micron), which fall among the largest seasonal mean dry season AODs for the tropics. We show new surface data which reveal the presence of strongly absorbing aerosols that lead to a large reduction in solar radiation fluxes at the surface during the October to May period. The three-year mean (2001 to 2003) October to May seasonal and diurnal average reduction in surface solar radiation for the IGP region is about 32 (±5) W m⁻² (about 10% of TOA insolation or 20% of surface insolation). The forcing efficiency (forcing per unit optical depth) is as large as −27% (note that the forcing is negative) of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) solar insolation, and exceeds the forcing efficiency that has been observed for other polluted regions in America, Africa, East Asia, and Europe. General circulation model sensitivity studies suggest that both the local and remote influence of the aerosol induced radiative forcing is to strengthen the lower atmosphere inversion, stabilize the boundary layer, amplify the climatological tendency for a drier troposphere, and decrease evaporation. These aerosol-induced changes could potentially increase the life times of aerosols, make them more persistent, and decrease their single scattering albedos, thus potentially leading to a detrimental positive feedback between aerosol concentrations, aerosol forcing, and aerosol persistence. In addition, both the model studies and observations of pan evaporation suggest that the reduction in surface solar radiation may have led to a reduction in surface evaporation of moisture. These results suggest the vulnerability of this vital region to air pollution related direct and indirect (through climate changes) impacts on agricultural productivity of the region.  相似文献   

Spherical particles as tracers of atmospheric ceramic industry     

M. M. Jordán  C. Álvarez  T. Sanfeliu 《Environmental Geology》2006,51(3):447-453

Castellón province houses the nucleus of ceramics production in Spain (93%). This nucleus, located around in the villages of Castellón, Villarreal, Alcora and Onda, has gone through a special process of industrial expansion. The emissions, most of them of particulate material, can constitute a real environmental problem. A study designed to identify the crystalline and glassy phases in the depositable particulate material has been carried out by SEM/EDX and X-ray diffraction methods. Quartz, calcite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, and feldspars have been the main crystalline phases identified. The number of spherical morphology particles found in the depositable material is remarkable. The vitreous material found was spherical nodules. Due to the shape, size (1–10 μm), and chemical composition of these particles, they can be excellent tracers of the ceramics industry emissions.The presence of Zn, Ba, or Fe are due to the massive use of these substances as opacifying and pigmentation agents in many ceramics frits and glaze compositions. This fact gives a valuable information that will facilitate the studies guided to obtain important aims such as: toxicology, average size of a particle, formation mechanisms, etc.  相似文献   

Resedimentation of cold pumiceous ignimbrite into water: facies transformations simulated in flume experiments     

S. R. ALLEN  A. FREUNDT† 《Sedimentology》2006,53(4):717-734

Deposits and transport processes resulting from the resedimentation of cold, unconsolidated ignimbrite into water were simulated by flume experiments. The ignimbrite sample used was poorly sorted (σ = 2·4–3), fine ash‐rich (< 63 μm, 17–30 wt%) and included both dense lithic clasts (> 2000 kg m^?3) and pumice (500 to ca 1300 kg m^?3). As a result of the binding forces of the ash matrix, the experiments involved resedimentation from a steep front onto the floor (with or without an initial ramp) of the water‐filled tank under both still and wave‐generated conditions. Larger discrete collapse events were induced by oversteepening the sample front and by undercutting from wave action. The mass of the collapse and proportion of pore–space water strongly influenced the style of resedimentation and the deposits. Initial collapse events were from the top of the steep front and fell onto the floor. The largest, densest clasts were deposited as a lithic lag in a proximal sediment wedge or rolled down to a break‐in‐slope. Fine ash was transported in dilute turbidity currents, and coarse unsaturated pumice clasts floated off. Moderate collapse events generated high‐density turbidity currents, trapping pumice in the flow, causing them to saturate. These low‐density pumice clasts were easily remobilized by wave activity and passing currents and accumulated on the gentle slope at the bottom of the resedimented deposit. Large collapse events slumped, producing poorly sorted mounds similar in texture to the original starting material. As the matrix of the ignimbrite sample became saturated with water, moderate and large collapse events generated debrisflows and slurries that deposited massive, poorly sorted deposits. Furthermore, once more gentle slopes were established between the sample and deposit, small cascading grainflows deposited lithic clasts on the upper slopes and levees of pumice at the terminus of low‐relief, ash channels. The experiments show that, excluding large collapse events and debrisflows, resedimenting ignimbrite in water is effective at segregating low‐density pumice clasts from dense lithic clasts and fine ash. Experiments using fine‐ash poor ignimbrite and well‐sorted quartz sand for comparison formed an inherently unstable initial steep front that immediately collapsed by continuous grain avalanches. The grainflow deposits had textures similar to the fines‐poor starting material.  相似文献   

沙尘天气对榆林市环境空气质量的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

崔娟  王浩  刘杰  王越  卢立栋  陈洁 《中国沙漠》2021,41(2):59-66

基于2013—2018年榆林市沙尘天气和环境空气质量逐日数据,定量分析了沙尘天气对榆林市空气质量指数（AQI）、可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的绝对贡献和相对贡献率。结果表明：沙尘天气对榆林市AQI的贡献率为0.7%—11.1%（平均值±标准差6.4%±3.8%）;对PM₁₀的绝对贡献为1.0—13.1 μg·m^-3（平均8.2±5.4 μg·m^-3）,相对贡献率5.4%±3.5%;对PM_2.5的绝对贡献为-0.4—3.5 μg·m^-3,沙尘天气对PM_2.5的影响小于对PM₁₀。沙尘天气对榆林市空气质量的影响季节差异很大,春季贡献最大,秋冬季贡献较小。沙尘天气对榆林市区和郊区的影响程度不同,这可能与局部气象条件和地形条件等因素有关。  相似文献   

Observations of the electric fields that accelerate auroral particles     

M. Temerin  F. S. Mozer 《Journal of Earth System Science》1984,93(3):227-245

Electric fields accelerate electrons and ions in the auroral zone at altitudes below 8000 km to produce several distinctive particle distributions. The electric field of electrostatic shocks and double layers produces the inverted-V precipitating electron and up-flowing ion beams. Electrostatic ion cyclotron waves heat ion beams. The electric field in low frequency plasma waves and electrostatic shocks produces ion conics and field-aligned or counterstreaming electrons. Relationships between electric fields and particle distributions are illustrated with data from the S3-3 satellite.  相似文献   

A study of the attachment of radon daughter atoms to aerosol particles     

M. C. Subba Ramu  T. S. Muraleedharan  K. G. Vohra 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(1):133-140

Previous studies of the attachment of radon daughter atoms to aerosol particles in the atmospheric air have given varying results, a few of which did not conform to the diffusion theory developed byLassen andRau (1960). Our studies suggest that the radiolytic aerosols formed by gas-phase reactions in the presence of ionizing radiations interfere in the studies carried out with known aerosols. Radiolytic aerosols are formed spontaneously in the system, depending on the concentrations of aerosol-forming gases in the atmospheric air. It is shown that, under experimental conditions which suppressed the formation of radiolytic aerosols, the attachment rates of Ra-A atoms to aerosol particles in the range of 0.2 to 1.0 m in diameter agree with the diffusion theory developed byLassen andRau (1960). Such investigations of the interactions between atoms, molecules, ions, and aerosol particles are highly useful in atmospheric tracer studies.  相似文献   

海口市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_1质量浓度的变化特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

江益  李春鸾  林智丰  李志琦  谢文草 《广东气象》2014,(3):37-41

利用2013年在海口市气象局地面气象观测站采集的PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度数据,分析了2013年可吸入颗粒物质量浓度的变化特征,并对其成因进行了初步分析。结果表明:2013年海口市PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度的变化趋势基本相同,PM10、PM2.5质量浓度的超标率低,达到一级标准的概率分别为74.0%和68.8%,超过2级标准的天数分别为1和9 d,ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)与ρ(PM1)/ρ(PM2.5)的比例平均分别为78.1%和85.1%;海口PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,春、秋两季处于冬夏之间;PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度的日变化呈双峰现象,一个峰出现在上午,一个峰出现在夜间;颗粒物质量浓度的变化主要受到气象条件和污染物排放的影响。  相似文献   

基于韧性损伤的水下传动装置磨粒磨损与性能退化研究     

卢丙举  靳汉文  秦丽萍  吴友生  方辉 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2022,52(1):121-128

本文采用基于不可逆热力学原理的韧性金属复杂应力损伤演化模型,对ABAQUS二次开发将损伤模型引入有限元计算,实施含腐蚀传动装置磨粒磨损分析;磨粒-传动轴-配合面耦合模型中,磨粒采用三维球形分形模型,对点蚀和面蚀配合面与磨粒微观接触时损伤演化及传动特性变化进行模拟,发现磨粒挤入配合面后应力三轴度增大,传动轴转动数周后接触面即出现凸峰与沟犁,而且缺陷间存在损伤连通趋势,使结构传动运动能力快速下降;考虑环境温度循环,温度升高使磨粒局部产生应力梯度,对结构传动能力也有不利影响。基于材料损伤演化模型建立细观磨粒磨损与宏观传动装置统一的模拟方法,实现了海洋环境下小间隙配合面磨粒磨损计算,有效预测了传动装置性能退化过程。  相似文献   

基于神经网络的太赫兹冰云探测反演算法研究     

陈柯  张兰  张幼明  董杉彬  刘艳  吴琼  商建 《遥感学报》2022,26(10):2043-2059

太赫兹频段在冰云探测上具有独特优势,但是目前的太赫兹冰云反演算法将不同种类冰相粒子（主要是冰和霰）视为冰粒子统一计算。本文根据冰云太赫兹辐射特性实现了一种预分类的神经网络算法,能够从太赫兹亮温中分别反演得到冰、霰两种粒子的统计参数和廓线分布。首先,基于WRF数值模式和ATMS载荷真实观测的冰云霰数据构建了包含冰、霰粒子密度廓线的混合冰云数据库,然后,使用DOTLRT辐射传输模式模拟183 GHz、243 GHz、325 GHz、448 GHz、664 GHz和874 GHz这6个频段的星载太赫兹冰云探测亮温,最后,开展冰云参数探测仿真试验,验证反演算法性能。仿真试验中反演得到的冰和霰的路径总量均方根误差分别为8.97 g/m²和10.90 g/m²,等效粒径均方根误差分别为7.54 μm和25.38 μm,反演的冰、霰密度廓线也具有较高的精度。研究结果表明本文算法能够以较好的精度从多频太赫兹冰云探测亮温数据中分别反演得到冰、霰两种粒子的路径总量、等效粒径、等效云高和密度廓线,突破现有研究仅仅计算单一冰粒子的局限,更加符合冰云真实情况。  相似文献   

Dynamics of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) and particle-associated carbohydrates in the Dona Paula bay, west coast of India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. V. Bhaskar  Narayan B. Bhosle 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(4):403-413

Surface seawater samples were collected over a period of 27 months at a shallow water station in Dona Paula bay from 1998–2000. The samples were analyzed to assess the seasonal variations, inter-annual variability and the contributions of:

–	•transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) concentration,
–	•two forms of particle-associated carbohydrates — 1.5 M NaCl/saline extracted (Sal-PCHO) and 10 mM EDTA-extracted (CPCHO) and
–	•total bacterial abundance (TBA) to particulate organic carbon pool.

A distinct inter-annual variability was observed with an increase in the bacterial abundance, chlorophylla (Chl a), TEP and Sal-PCHO and their greater contribution to particulate organic carbon during May 1998–1999 than in June 1999–July 2000. Overall, there was no statistically significant correlation of TEP with phytoplankton biomass (Chl a), Sal-PCHO, CPCHO and hydrodynamic conditions. A weak inverse correlation was observed between TEP and TBA (r = −0.397;p < 0.05) but the role of TEP as a C-source for bacteria was not evident. Both Sal-PCHO and CPCHO appeared to be two distinct forms of carbohydrates. Unlike CPCHO, Sal-PCHO concentrations showed a positive trend with Chla and significant linear correlation with bacterial abundance (r = 0.44,p < 0.007,n = 48), indicating that Sal-PCHO as carbon source might have supported bacterioplankton abundance. The mean %TEP-C contribution to the annual average organic carbon for 1998–2000 was 6.9% ± 5.8%, next only to phytoplankton-C (33.1 ± 22.1%) and greater than bacterial-C (4.6% ± 4.6%) or carbohydrate-C (< 3.8%). Despite its greater contribution to the organic carbon pool, the contribution of TEP-C to the benthic carbon demand and its fate in the study area could not be ascertained in this study.  相似文献